Caspases, apoptosis regulation

Marzo I, Brenner C, Zamzami N, Susin SA, Beutner G, Brdiczka D, Remy R, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Kroemer G (1998), The permeability transition pore complex a target for apoptosis regulation by caspases and bcl-2-related proteins, J. Exp. Med 187 1261-1271. 

Of the many regulatory influences that modulate Fas-mediated apoptosis, regulation by FLIP stands out. Flip is found in several isoforms that are structurally similar to caspase-8 but lack caspase activity. Flip can be incorporated into Fas-DISCs, thereby preventing DISC-mediated processing and release of caspase-8. 

Paroni G et al (2004) Caspase-dependent regulation of histone deacetylase 4 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling promotes apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 15(6) 2804-2818... 

Granado-Serrano AB, Martin MA, Bravo L et al (2006) Quercetin induces apoptosis via caspase activation, regulation of Bcl-2, and inhibition of PI-3-kinase/Akt and ERK pathways in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). J Nutr 136 2715-2721... 

NO produced by NOS 1 is an important modulator of nervous tissue cell apoptosis. Andoh and colleagues noted that NOSl influences Bcl-2 and other apoptosis regulators, and accounts for some of the neural cell resistance to apoptosis of preconditioning stress (Andoh et al. 2000). Others showed increased NOSl in dorsal root ganglion neurons, as well as an NO inhibition of Bax, caspases, and apoptosis (Thippeswamy et al. 2001). NOSl is found in normal hematopoietic cells, and it influences proliferation and differentiation of these cells (see below) (Enikolopov et al. 1999 Krasnov et al. 2008 Michurina et al. 2004). NOS 1 is expressed in human CLL cells, and NOSl inhibitors induce apoptosis and death in these cells (see below for further discussion of this) (Levesque et al. 2008). 

Also, phosphorylation of Akt results in activation of sterol regulatory-element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a key transcription factor involved in regulation of lipogenic enzymes. In addition, some of the effects of insulin on cell proliferation and survival may be explained by an Akt-dependent inhibition of apoptosis through phosphorylation and inactivation of proa-poptotic proteins (e.g., BAD, Caspase 9). 

Bacellar H, Munoz A et al (1994) Temporal trends in the incidence of HIV-l-related neurologic diseases Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1985-1992. Neurology 44(10) 1892-1900 Banki K, Hutter E et al (1998) Molecular ordering in HIV-induced apoptosis. Oxidative stress, activation of caspases, and cell survival are regulated by transaldolase. . J Biol Chem 273(19) 11944-11953... 

Tun C, Guo W, Nguyen H, Yun B, Libby RT, Morrison RS, Garden GA (2007) Activation of the extrinsic caspase pathway in cultured cortical neurons requires p53-mediated down-regulation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein to induce apoptosis. J Neurochem 102 1206-1219... 

Regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is not only important in normal cell development and homeostasis [1, 2], but also during the process of carcinogenesis [3], Apoptosis is suppressed in most cancer cells and induction of apoptosis is one cancer treatment strategy [4], There are many processes and factors that can be modulated to induce cancer cell apoptosis, such as regulation of factors involved in cell cycle arrest [5], protein kinase modulation [6], caspase family activation [7], and the balance in expression between Bcl-2 family members [8],... 

EdsaU, L.C., CuvUlier, O., Twitty, S., Spiegel, S. and MUstien, S., 2001, Sphingosine kinase expression regulates apoptosis and caspase activation in PCI 2 ceUs, J. Neurochem. 76 1573-1584. 

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