Caspases pathways

Tun C, Guo W, Nguyen H, Yun B, Libby RT, Morrison RS, Garden GA (2007) Activation of the extrinsic caspase pathway in cultured cortical neurons requires p53-mediated down-regulation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein to induce apoptosis. J Neurochem 102 1206-1219... 

KONG A N, YU R, CHEN c, MANDLEKAR s and PRIMIANO T (2000) Signal transduction events elicited by natural products role of M APK and caspase pathways in homeostatic response and induction of apoptosis . Arch Pharm Res, 23 1-16. 

Additionally, apoptosis probably also plays a role in the AA-induced proximal tubular atrophy according to several in vivo and in vitro studies [66,68,70]. In an in vitro study conducted by Hsin et al [71], LLC-PKl cells exposed to AA showed a rapid increase in their intracellular calcium content leading to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress which in turn causes activation of the caspase pathway and finally apoptosis. 

Alphonse, G., Aloy, M.T., Broquet, P., Gerard, J.P., Louisot, P., Rousson, R., and Rodriguez-Lafrasse, C. (2002). Ceramide induces activation of the ntitochondrial/caspases pathway in Jurkat and SCC61 cells... 

To confirm the noninvolvement of the caspase pathway, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction were studied in the presence of a caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK) and a negative control for the caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-FA-FMK). The negative control only inhibited cysteine protease and had no inhibitory effect on caspase-mediated apoptosis. The presence of a caspase-3 inhibitor, as well as a negative control, did not alleviate the cytotoxicity of 13-MTD and did not prevent induction of apoptosis. 

Richard E, et al. Methylmalonic acidaemia leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial/ caspase pathway. J Pathol. 2007 213(4) 453-61. 

Hwang JM, Kuo HC, Tseng TH, Liu JY, Chu CY (2006) Berberine induces apoptosis through a mitochondria/caspases pathway in human hepatoma cells. Arch Toxicol 80 62-73... 

Stoica, BA, Movsesyan, VA, Lea, IP and Faden, AI (2003) Ceramide-induced neuronal apoptosis is associated with dephosphorylation of Akt, BAD, FKHR, GSK-3beta, and induction of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic caspase pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci, 22, 365-382. 

TNF-a is a membrane-bound protein that once cleaved may act as a cytokine similar in function to IL-1 (Malemud, 2004). TNF-a is proteolytically cleaved by MMPs then binds with TNF-Rl or TNF-R2, both found on osteoblasts and chondrocytes (Malemud, 2004) Once bound the TNF receptor and ligand complex form a trimer and begins the signaling pathway. TNF receptors associate with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) to initiate the signaling pathways through FADD and TRAF2/5 (Yoon and Fisher, 2007, Nanes, 2003). TRAF 2/5 lead to the activation of the NF-kB and MAPK pathways (Yoon and Fisher, 2007, Malemud, 2004, Nanes, 2003). The FADD pathway initiates apoptosis through the activation of the caspase pathway. 

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