Cases creativity

There are several large impediments to achieving the goal of more accurate risk assessments. First, it often requires a considerable investment in the research necessary to uncover the types of information needed to replace default assumptions in specific cases. If one hypothesizes that di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP, a real and important chemical) produces liver tumors in rodents by mechanisms that either do not apply to humans at all, or that do not operate at low (human) doses, or both, then there arises the question of what type of research information is necessary to test the validity of such hypotheses If such research is actually carried out, then what type of results from that research would allow conclusions to be drawn about the validity of the hypotheses In many specific cases creative and knowledgeable scientists can hypothesize alternatives to the usual defaults and ways to test their validity. But it often turns out to be difficult to arrive at... 

These blockages were seen as more of a problem in countries and regions with larger farm sizes, as the farms were too big to qualify for the simplified scheme, but in many cases creative use of the support measures could reduce the extent of the impacts significantly. 

As is often the case, predictions were not always fulfilled. Theory can be helpful in the search for molecules that are useful (dyes), human-friendly (medications), or functional (materials), but cannot necessarily guarantee a successful outcome. The creativity and knowledge as well as the experience and intuition of the researcher are not replaceable. 

Pressure-relieving systems are unique compared with other systems within a chemical plant hopefully they will never need to operate, but when they do, they must do so flawlessly. Other systems, such as extraction and distillation systems, usually evolve to their optimum performance and reliability. This evolution requires creativity, practical knowledge, hard work, time, and the cooperative efforts of the plant, design, and process engineers. This same effort and creativity is essential when developing relief systems however, in this case the relief system development must be optimally designed and demonstrated within a research environment before the plant start-up. 

My advice is to use empirically validated approaches to treating problems as much as you can so you can provide the best care available for your client. This will protect your client, but also may protect you as a professional from litigation. Using empirically validated strategies also helps instill confidence in your client that the care she or he receives will be the best available, which of course makes it more likely that the client will commit to the treatment plan. If there is a unique or unusual problem for which no known empirically validated strategy has been developed, then you may have to create a novel and creative approach for intervening upon the problem. In those cases, it is important to share this information... 

In the following sections, materials appropriate for inclusion into all of the layers shown will be described, but creative device physicists and material chemists continue to manipulate these materials into ever more intricate and elegant architectures. This includes the addition of new layers of new materials with new functions such that, as is usually the case, any review of this type that attempts to cover such a rapidly developing area will be outdated even before it is published. 

In summary, as can be seen in the examples depicted above, the resulting allenic [2 + 2]-photocycloadducts have been creatively transformed to a variety of functional groups appropriately positioned for conversion to biologically relevant compounds. In many cases, the stereoselectivities were good, although in most instances the minor by-products obtained during the cycloaddition were not characterized. Hence there is some uncertainty with regard to the structure of these minor by-products. 

In many cases, allenes are used as creative solutions to problems encountered using more saturated counterparts. This is the situation in Chevliakov and Montgomery s approach to (-)-a-kainic acid (131) [31]. They reported a late-stage common intermediate 132 that could be taken on to both (-)-a-kainic acid (131) and (+)-a-allokainic acid (133) (Scheme 19.25). Intermediate 132 was to be obtained from enyne 134. Indeed, treatment of 134 to conditions developed in their laboratories afforded the desired carboannulation to give 135. However, this pyrrole could only be taken on to (+)-a-allokainic acid (133) owing to reduction of the olefin affording... 

A closer examination of the case studies reveals the extreme complexity and inter-hnked nature of the processes in an innovative system. Determining, which were the decisive factors that were manifest by a particular example of substitution, tended to be irresolvable in view of this complexity. A top-down analysis of the systems view of the simple model assists in orientation. In addition, some phenomena that are important for iimovation processes can only be revealed from a systems view, e.g. system inertia and system ambience , which is frequently referred to as the innovation chmate . Decisively, phenomena such as emergence are only discemable at a systems level. Emergence is of central importance for the comprehension of innovation processes, where development of a new element is the core feature. Emergence means that a novel, impredicted and usually complex feature is produced in the system (or by the system) which no individual contributor had planned or could conceivably plan. In most cases, new elements can neither be commanded externally nor can they be negotiated in a discourse between the participants from their estabhshed interests. Creativity is required here. 

Nor does creative interaction occur when managers are forced by circumstances to co-operate. When this is the case, the following kinds of scenario may emerge ... 

Regulation may also indirectly stimulate innovation. Often, firms respond creatively to crises, and to the extent that regulation poses crisis conditions it may foster innovative responses. This appears to be the case particularly in older, non-innovative firms which, prior to regulation, felt no need to innovate. 

---