Necrosis, cartilage

Local inflammatory changes occur in the joint capsule and synovium. The synovium becomes infiltrated with T cells, and immune complexes appear. Crystals or cartilage shards in synovial fluid may contribute to inflammation. There are also increased levels of interleukin-1, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-a, and nitric oxide in synovial fluid. Inflammatory changes result in effusions and synovial thickening. 

Immunolocallzatlon of stromelysin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and TNF receptors in atrophied canine articular cartilage treated with hyaluronic acid and transforming growth factor beta. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57 1488-1496... 

Following treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with low and high dose anti tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) or placebo, serum MMP-1 and MMP-3 levels were assessed by Brennan et al. (BIO). In both antibody-treated groups, a significant decrease in serum MMP-3 levels at all time points was observed, reduced maximally to 41% of pre-infusion values at day 7. MMP-1 levels were also reduced, but less dramatically than with MMP-3. While serum MMP-3 levels correlated with C-reactive protein both prior to and following therapy, Brennan et al. concluded that it remains to be demonstrated that serum MMP-3 and/or MMP-1 levels reflect the cartilage and bone resorptive processes which are evident in this disease. Catrina et al. (C2) also examined the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy (etanercept) on MMPs. Etanercept therapy downregulated serum... 

Pancreatic Cancer Methods and Protocols, edited by Gloria H Su, 2004 102 Autoimmunity Methods and Protocols, edited by Andros Perl, 2004 101 Cartilage and Osteoarthritis Volume 2, Structure and In Vivo Analysis, edited by Frederic De Ceuninck, Massimo Sabatini, and Philippe Pastoweau, 2004 100 Cartilage and Osteoarthritis Volume 1, Cellular and Molecular Tools, edited by Massimo Sabatini, Philippe Pastoweau, and Frederic De Ceuninck, 2004 99 Pain Research Methods and Protocols, edited by David Z. Luo, 2004 98 Tumor Necrosis Factor Methods and... 

The paediatric skeleton is very different to the adult skeleton and therefore reacts differently to trauma. The transitional zone between the physeal cartilage and bone, the zone of provisional calcification , is the weakest point in the growing skeleton, and is therefore a common fracture site. Most fractures heal without long term complications. In a minority, growth arrest and avascular necrosis may occur. 

Most ulcers will heal if the patient is removed from the source. Necrosis of cartilage, but not bone, can occur malignant change does not occur, and there is no increased incidence of chrome allergy in those with chrome ulcers. 

The development of osteoarthritis often begins with cytokines, which are growth factors synthesized in the joint tissues, then transferred into the synovial fluid where they act as autocrine and paracrine factors for the maintenance of homeostasis. Osteoarthritis does not show the classical macroscopic signs of inflammation revealed in infiltration of joint cells and tissues. However, the increased amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as inter-leukin-l-beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha can be found in the patient s synovial fluid. Under the influence of interleukin-l-beta, chondrocytes sharply increase the synthesis of metaUoproteinases and stop the synthesis of proteoglycans and cartilage collagen. Under normal conditions, chondrocytes synthesize and export into extracellular matrix proteolytic enzymes that include metaUoproteinases, cysteine and serine proteases. The controUed... 

Arora NP, Jain T, Bhanot R, Natesan SK. Levamisole-induced leukocytodastic vasculitis and neutropenia in a patient with cocaine use an extensive case with necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and cartilage. Addict Sci CHn Pract 2012 24 7(1) 19. 

---