Cardiovascular disorders heart failure

Medical conditions based in nearly all physiological systems can produce coincident sleep disturbances and sleep deprivation. This includes disorders of the cardiovascular (chronic heart failure), pulmonary (asthma), gastrointestinal (hepatic failure), renal (urinary tract infections, polyuria), endocrine (diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), and neurological (Parkinson s disease,... 

Adverse effects of copper deficiency can be documented in terrestrial plants and invertebrates, poultry, small laboratory animals, livestock — especially ruminants — and humans. Data are scarce or missing on copper deficiency effects in aquatic plants and animals and in avian and mammalian wildlife. Copper deficiency in sheep, the most sensitive ruminant mammal, is associated with depressed growth, bone disorders, depigmentation of hair or wool, abnormal wool growth, fetal death and resorption, depressed estrous, heart failure, cardiovascular defects, gastrointestinal disturbances, swayback, pathologic lesions, and degeneration of the motor tracts of the spinal cord (NAS 1977). 

Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with heart failure, and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is related to the severity of heart failure, with less than 5% affected with very mild heart failure to nearly 50% affected with advanced heart failure [66]. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are both common cardiovascular disorders and share the same demographic risk factors, including age, history of hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, and valvular heart disease [67, 68]. Further, the incidence of heart failure increases dramatically after the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation [69]. Progression of LV dysfunction can clearly be associated with rapid ventricular rates [70-76]. Conversely, conversion to normal sinus rhythm or control of ventricular response in atrial fibrillation can improve LV function [71-74, 77]. Accordingly, rate control becomes very important in patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, and likely even more so when ischemia from rapid rates complicate the patient s course. 

Modern diuretics (natriuretics, saluretics), as used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, are administered with the aim to enhance the renal excretion of sodium ions and water. Older diuretics, such as the osmotic diuretic agents, are of little interest in the treatment of the aforementioned cardiovascular disorders, but may be used to lower intracranial pressure associated with brain edema. 

Corticosteroids should be used cautiously in the presence of congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, glaucoma, hepatic disorders, osteoporosis, peptic ulceration, and renal impairment. Children are more susceptible to these adverse effects. To avoid cardiovascular collapse, steroids must be given slowly by intravenous injection. Large doses produce Cushing s syndrome (with moon face and sometimes hirsutism). 

Cardiovascular Disorders and Copper. Sudden cardiac failure has been associated with copper deficiency (91J. There are two attractive mechanisms. First, the coronary arteries and aorta may become weakened from an inability to synthesize elastin due to a decrease in lysyl oxidase activity. Rupture of these major blood vessels has been shown to cause sudden death in animals suffering from copper deficiency. Second, a decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity during copper deficiency Impairs aerobic metabolism of the heart and increases the risk of hypertrophy. Hypertrophy, which may lead to high output congestive heart failure, is exacerbated by hypochromic anemia also caused by copper deficiency. 

Cardiovascular disease Coronary artery disease Congestive heart failure Myocardial infarction Neurologic disorders Alzheimer s disease Epilepsy... 

Ischaemic heart disease Acute renal failure Other cardiovascular disorders Non-cardiovascular disease Asthma Other diseases... 

Thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) Cardiovascular disease (arrhythmias, congestive heart failure) Gastrointestinal disease or disorder (sprue or other malabsorption syndromes, peptic ulcer, cohtis)... 

Verapamil, proprietaiy name Calan, is a calcium channel blocker that is effective in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders, including angina (classical and variant), arrhythmias (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis), hypertension, congestive heart failure, and Raynaud s phenomenon, along with the preservation of ischemic myocardium and the treatment of migraine headaches. 

Heart failure can result from any disorder that affects the ability of the heart to contract (systolic function) and/or relax (diastolic dysfunction) common causes of heart failure are shown in Table 14—1 Systolic heart failure is the classic, more familiar form of the disorder, but current estimates suggest that 20% to 50% of patients with heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function and suffer from diastolic dysfunction. In contrast to systolic heart failure that is usually caused by previous myocardial infarction (Ml), patients with diastolic heart failure typically are elderly, female, and have hypertension and diabetes. However, systolic and diastolic dysfunction frequently coexist. The common cardiovascular diseases such as MI and hypertension can cause both systolic and diastolic dysfunction thus many patients have heart failure as a result of reduced myocardial contractility and abnormal ventricular filling. 

Since ischemic heart disease and/or hypertension contribute so significantly to the development of heart failure in the majority of patients, it is important to emphasize that heart failure is a largely preventable disorder. Thus recent evidence that obesity and salt intake are important risk factors for heart failure is not surprising. Moreover, control of blood pressure and appropriate management of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (e.g., smoking cessation, treatment of lipid disorders, diabetes management, dietary modification, etc.) are important strategies for clinicians to implement to reduce their patients risk of heart failure. 

A confluence of scientific, technical, and medical advancements has made genetic therapeutics for cardiovascular disease a promising and exciting field. The molecular mechanisms of major cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial failure have been well characterized. Sophisticated surgical and catheter-based systems that can enable the delivery of therapeutic genes or cells in vivo are in clinical use, and clinical therapeutic end-points for the evaluation of treatment efficacy have been clearly defined. Simultaneously, gene therapy has evolved from a modality restricted to the potential cure of monogenetic diseases to a therapeutic platform that enables cus-... 

There are many disorders of the cardiovascular system and blood. Common cardiovascular disorders are cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, arrhythmias and hypertension. Although these conditions cannot be cured by drug therapy, there are many drugs available to help control them. Cardiac glycosides are useful in cardiac failure and arrhythmias because they improve myocardial contractility and slow conduction through the heart. 

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