Cardiovascular diseases, management

The most important seaweed derived phenolic phytochemicals are phlorotannin polyphenols, which are uniquely found only in brown seaweeds [96], Phlorotannins are polymers which contain phloroglucinol as their monomeric component, and they are termed phlorotaimins since phloroglucinol is a common monomer unit [96]. As most tannins, similarly phlorotannins have the potential for cardiovascular disease management through an increase of HDL cholesterol and prevention of atherosclerosis [136-140], However, many recent reports have indicated more unique potential health benefits of phlorotaimins for a wide variety of diseases. A study by Li et al. [141] revealed that E. cava contains plenty of phlorotannin derivatives with interesting bioactivities. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity studies on E. cava showed that the major phlorotannins present are phloroglucinol, eckol. 

W. B. Kaimel and T. R. Dauber, Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease The Framingham Study. Hypertension Mechanisms and Management, Framingham, Mass., 1973. 

Muller UR Cardiovascular disease and anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 7 337-341. Pumphrey RSH Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30 11444-11450. 

Elevated homocysteine concentrations have been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in both epidemiologic and clinical studies.43 Several studies have evaluated the benefit of lowering homocysteine levels with folic acid supplementation. One study reported a reduction in major cardiac events with the combination of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 following PCI.44 However, a more recent study found an increased risk of instent restenosis and the need for target-vessel revascularization with folate supplementation following coronary stent placement.45 The role of folate in the management of IHD is currently unclear. 

Cardiovascular disease has been identified as one of the leading causes of death in organ transplant recipients.55 Posttransplant hypertension (HTN) is associated with an increase in cardiac morbidity and patient mortality in all transplant patients and is also an independent risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction and loss.56 Based on all the available posttransplant morbidity and mortality data, it is imperative that posttransplant HTN be identified and managed appropriately. 

Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis Diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005 111(23) 394M34. 

Advancement in autoimmune and inflammatory disease treatment and diagnosis represents a critical worldwide need ranking in importance only behind management of cardiovascular disease and cancer to the medical practitioner. The list of related diseases is long major classes include rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, diabetes type 1, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 

Cardiovascular disorders Estrogen and estrogen/progestin therapy have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (eg, Ml and stroke, venous thrombosis, PE [venous thromboembolism]). Manage risk factors for cardiovascular disease appropriately. 

Rarely is it necessary to keep a patient in bed for prolonged periods. Those with serious cardiovascular disease, should have their doses increased even more slowly, with blood pressure frequently monitored. Acute orthostasis can usually be managed by having the patient lie down with feet elevated. On rare occasions, volume expanders or vasopressors may be required. 

Optimal management of the postmenopausal patient requires careful assessment of her symptoms as well as consideration of her age and the presence of (or risks for) cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. Bearing in mind the effects of the gonadal hormones on each of these disorders, the goals of therapy can then be defined and the risks of therapy assessed and discussed with the patient. 

Vitamin E has received much publicity as one of several antioxidants that may be useful in treating a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Vitamin E may inhibit the oxidation of reduced vitamin K. Vitamin K oxidation is necessary for carboxylation of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, which must occur for these clotting factors to be fully functional. Increased prothrombin times, induced by combined vitamin E and warfarin therapy, may be managed by discontinuing vitamin E and, if necessary, by administering vitamin K. 

Owing to the complexities of the patients that the Care-Rite pharmacists were targeting for their Pharmacy Check-up Service, they determined that there was not one single type of protocol that they could use to assess and manage a patient. For patients who did have cardiovascular disease requiring lifestyle modifica-... 

---