Risk factors and management

Bando K, Paradis IL, Similo S, et al. Obliterative bronchiohtis after lung and heart-lung transplantation. An analysis of risk factors and management. J Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg 1995 110 4-13 discussion 13-14. 

For all risk factors and their combinations we will use both — routine and specially designed approaches to risk management with due account of new combinations of these factors. The proposed approach will allow to develop strategy of preventive intervention into risk management of the cohorts who working or resident in ecologically adverse conditions to use of... 

Patients with multiple risk factors and established CHD should also be monitored and evaluated for progress in managing their other risk factors such as blood pressure control, smoking cessation, exercise and weight control, and glycemic control (if diabetic). 

Sulprostone should be used with care, particularly in patients with cardiac risk factors, and only in settings equipped to manage complications. 

Yerdel, M.A., Gunson, B., Mirza, D., Karayalcin, E., Olliff, S., Buckels, J., Mayer, D., McMaster, R, I enne, J. Portal vein thrombosis in adults undergoing liver transplantation. Risk factors, screening, management, and outcome. Transplantation 2000 69 1873—1881... 

Patients with multiple risk factors and established CHD also should be monitored and evaluated for progress in managing then-... 

A primary component of COPD management is avoidance of or reduced exposure to risk factors. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is a major risk factor, and smoking cessation is the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of developing COPD and to slow or stop disease progression. The cost-effectiveness of smoking-cessation interventions compares favorably with interventions made for other major chronic diseases. The importance of smoking... 

The United States employs precautionary approaches throughout the process of risk assessment and management so that the overall level of precaution in a given regnlatory decision is appropriate. .. When analysts assess risks, they frequently nse conservative or defanlt assnmptions or explicitly add safety margins or nncertainty factors to characterize a plansible npper bonnd. 

The development of control strategies to reduce E. coli 0157 H7 will require the identification of biological, environmental, and/or management factors that affect its incidence in cattle and their production environments. Research investigations and epidemiological studies have identified a number of risk factors or management practices that can or may contribute to the occurrence of this pathogen, and that may be exploitable to reduce its numbers, persistence, and transmission in cattle. 

According to the author of this chapter, this illustrates the difficulty in applying terms like LOAEL versus NOAEL and the associated choice of safety factors. If mild symptoms are not associated with truly adverse health effects, their use in establishing ARfD may mislead those who are responsible for risk assessment and management. This issue should be further discussed by experts on risk assessment and safety evaluation. 

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