Cardiovascular disease diet association

Patients with end-stage renal disease hyperphosphatemia ineffectively filter excess phosphate that enters the body in the normal diet.278 Elevated phosphate produces the bone disorder renal osteodystrophy. Skeletal deformity may occur, possibly associated with cardiovascular disease. Calcium deposits may further build up around the body and in blood vessels creating further health risks. The use of lanthanum carbonate is being promoted as an alternative to aluminum-based therapies.279,280 Systemic absorption, and cost have produced a clinical candidate, Fosrenol (AnorMED), an intriguing use of a lanthanide compound in therapy. 

Accumulation of homocystine in blood is associated with cardiovascular disease deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolism, and stroke dislocation of the lens (ectopic lens) and mental retardation. Homocystinemia caused by an enzyme deficiency is a rare, but severe, condition in which atherosclerosis in childhood is a prominent finding. These children often have myocardial infarctions before 20 years of age. Ail patients excrete high levels of homocystine in the urine. Treatment includes a diet low in methionine. The two major enzyme deficiencies producing homocystinemia are ... 

For people who are at risk of cardiovascular disease due to high plasma LDL cholesterol levels, lifestyle changes to control plasma cholesterol levels are the first and best place to start. When efforts to control plasma cholesterol levels by diet and exercise fail, people frequently turn to drugs, some of which are effective in producing substantial lowering of cholesterol levels and realizing associated clinical benefits. 

Fat is a key component in the human diet. Research shows that excessive consumption of saturated fat negatively impacts several biomarkers of health while monounsaturated and n-3 PUFAs are beneficial to human health. Moreover, research shows that imbalanced dietary ratios of n-6 n-3 may lead to various health complications as well as disease progression while increased n-3 levels impart prevention and health promoting effects (Burghardt et al., 2010 Goodstine et al., 2003 Simopoulos, 2002 Wan et al., 2010). The American Heart Association recommends eating fatty fish meals at least twice a week due to their promising health and especially cardiovascular benefits. Here, we review some of the health benefits of n-3 PUFAs, due in part to their anti-inflammatory effects in cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, and other metabolic disorders. 

LDL and HDL The level of plasma cholesterol is not precisely regulated, but rather varies in response to the diet. Elevated levels result in an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Figue 27.9). The risk increases progressively with higher values fa-serum total cholesterol. A much stronger correlation exists between the levels of blood LDL cholesterol and heart disease. In contrast, high levels of HDL cholesterol have been associated... 

Evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may protect against coronary heart disease is accumulating. It is unclear exactly which substances in fruits and vegetables are responsible for the observed inverse association with cardiovascular disease. The inverse association may be attributed to folate, antioxidant vitamins, or other constituents such as fiber, potassium, fla-vonoids, or other phytochemicals. The protective effect of folate may be attributed to its role as a cosubstrate in homocysteine metabolism (Eichholzer et al., 2001). 

Malinow MR, Bostom AG, Krauss RM Homocysteine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases—a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 99 178-182,1999. 

Epidemiological evidence shows that diets that are rich in vitamin C are associated with lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, such diets are rich in fruits and vegetables, and thus a wide variety of other potentially protective factors studies of 8-hydroxyguanine excretion as a marker of oxidative damage to DNA do not provide evidence of a protective effect of vitamin C per se, except in people whose intake is low (HaUiweU, 2001). 

Kris-Etherton, P. et al., Lyon Diet Heart Study Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step 1 dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 103, 1823, 2001. 

The development of these chronic. Western-type diseases is associated with an excessive formation and function of eicosanoids derived from n-6 fatty acids. As balance can be restored to eicosanoid biosynthesis by dietary n-3 fatty acids, an effective strategy to diminish cardio-cerebrovascular mortality (in addition to several other serious disorders) may be to decrease the intake of n-6 fatty acids and replace them with n-3 fatty acids (116). Such a strategy is supported by studies that show an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, specifically ischemic heart disease, in Japanese whose diet has increasingly become more Westernized (113, 117). 

Over several decades, evidence has accumulated that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and various forms of cancer, principally cancer of the lung and stomach, but also esophageal, oral, breast, and prostate cancer (65,66). It is possible that this effect is in part due to their beta-carotene content. 

The American Heart Association recommends that all Americans lower their fat intake to 30 percent of their total daily calories. If you eat 2,000 calories a day, your fat intake should not exceed 600 calories.The average U.S. diet is 37 percent fat, and many go up to 40 or 50 percent. Dr. Dean Ornish and the late Nathan Pritikin advocated diets under 15 percent calories from fat to prevent or reverse cardiovascular disease. I recommend no more than 20 percent fat calories per day. 

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