Cardiolipin association

The squaraine probe 9g was tested for its sensitivity to trace the formation of protein-lipid complexes [57]. The binding of dye 9g to model membranes composed of zwitter-ionic lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its mixtures with anionic lipid cardiolipin (CL) in different molar ratios was found to be controlled mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Lysozyme (Lz) and ribonuclease A (RNase) influenced the association of 9g with lipid vesicles. The magnitude of this effect was much higher... 

Cardiolipin or diphosphatidyl glycerol is one of the most ancient membrane phospholipids from phylogenic aspects. It is surprising for such a complex molecule as cardiolipin to have evolved as one of the major membrane lipids in prokaryotics, when steroids such as cholesterol and phytosterols did not. In eukaryotic cells, cardiolipin is exclusively localized within the mitochondria where it is particularly emiched in the outer leaflet of the inner membrane. Even though a molecular structure of cardiolipin has been conserved in entire organisms, its biological significance has escaped attention except in the case of anti-cardiolipin auto-antibodies which are clinically associated with the Wasserman reaction. 

It is well recognized that activity of many mitochondrial enzymes is modulated by the mitochondrial acidic phospholipid cardiolipin. Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) of bovine heart mitochondria is known to be tightly associated with six molecules of cardiolipin (Beyer and Klingenberg, 1985), and cardiolipin is absolutely required for the ANT activity (Hoffmann et al, 1994). ADP control of the carrier transition was gradually lost after phospholipase treatment and the ADP conttol could be fully restored through the addition of cardiolipin (Beyer and Nuscher, 1996). Cardiolipin-mediated activation of cytochrome c oxidase (Abramovitch et al, 1990) and... 

Prescribing perspective is to recognize that the previously acceptable counts, on treatment, between (500-650) X (f are hazardous since microvas-cular occlusion, including stroke, remain risks. The concurrent role of aspirin continues to be defined. Thus, while this has a sound theoretical benefit and is recommended to decrease platelet-endothelial cell interaction, occasional gastrointestinal tract bleeding may be found. Furthermore, associated hypercoagulability may be found and determinations of proteins C and S, mutations of factor V and II or elevated homocysteine, as well as the presence of anti-cardiolipin syndrome or lupus anticoagulant should not be overlooked. 

Kreps (1981) and his associates (Akulin et al., 1969 Chebotareva, 1983), in their studies on Far East sockeye salmon, found that the fatty acid composition of lipids in the food influences not only that of the triacyl-glycerols of the fish but also the phospholipid fraction. This comprises, firstly, the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine and, secondly, the sphingomyelin and cardiolipin. All tissues except nervous tissue were found by these workers to be strongly influenced by the composition of the food. However, the fatty acids of the brain have also been found to change according to the diet in European bass (Pagliarani et al., 1986), the proportions of phospholipid to non-phospholipid being unaffected. 

PetrosiUo, G., Di Venosa, N., Ruggiero, F.M., Pistolese, M., D Agostino, D., Tiravanti, E., Fiore, T., and Paradies, G. 2005. Mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cardiac ischemia/reperfusion can be attenuated by oxygen tension control. Role of oxygen-free radicals and cardiolipin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1710 78-86. 

As shown in Table IVA, the cells bind approximately 5% of the total radioactivity added 32% of this eictivity is associated with the cellular lipid fraction and 64% with the nonlipid (presumably protein) fraction. Of the lipid-associated activity, the distribution of I into cellular phospholipids, lysophosphatides, triacylglycerides, and free fatty acids is shown in Table IVB. The iodination reaction labels a variety of lipids of all classes without preference to charge, acid-base properties, or number of fatty acyl constituents, appears not to label intracellular lipids (e.g., cardiolipin, a major mitochondrial component), and labels lipids on both the exterior and interior hydrophilic surfaces of the plasma membrane (i.e., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin as well as phosphatidyleth-anolamine and phosphatidylserine) (Table IVB). ... 

This same group has also used BODIPY-conjugated lipids and fluoresceinated phosphoethanolamine for similar studies (47,48). As discussed earlier, loss of NAO fluorescence can reflect oxidative stress-induced cardiolipin loss, which is often associated with apoptosis. 

Upon neonatal treatment of mice with diethylstilbestrol, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to oxazolone was similar in controls and diethylstilbestrol-treated animals at eight weeks, increased in treated females and males at six months, but reduced in treated females at one year (Forsberg, 2000). In the same study, the levels of serum IgG and IgM antibodies to cardiolipin showed age-dependent fluctuations but were similar in controls and diethylstilbestrol-treated females however, the IgG antibodies in diethylstilbestrol-treated females were qualitatively different from those in controls with respect to sensitivity to bovine serum (a source of p2-glycoprotein I), although these antibodies are not associated with autoimmune disease. In contrast to the situation with females, diethylstilbestrol-treated males had higher levels of these antibodies than controls (Forsberg, 2000). 

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