Cardiolipin,

Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique class of anionic GPL and contains two phosphodiester moieties in each molecule. CL species can yield both singly and doubly charged ions in negative-ion ESI-MS analysis. In most cases, the [M-2H] ion is more abundant than the [M-H] ion. In contrast to ESI-MS analysis, MALDI-MS analysis in the negative-ion mode shows predominant singly charged deprotonated CL species [49, 50]. 

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FIGURE 25.22 CDP-diacylglycerol is a precursor of phosphaddylinositol, phosphaddyl-glycerol, and cardiolipin in eukaryotes. 

Cardiolipins are a group of lipids found in heart muscles. What products would be formed if all ester bonds, including phosphates, were saponified by treatment with aqueous NaOH ... 

The mitochondrion has an outer and an inner membrane (Figure 1). The outer membrane contains pores formed from a protein, porin, which allow exchange of molecules with molecular weights up to about 2,000 between the cytosol and the intermembrane space. The inner membrane is extensively invaginated to increase its surface area. It has a different lipid composition from the outer membrane and is rich in the acidic phospholipid cardiolipin (diphosphatidyl-glycerol) which is only found in animal cells in mitochondria. Cardiolipin confers good electrical insulating properties on the inner membrane which is impermeable... 

Mitochondria have an outer membrane that is permeable to most metabohtes, an inner membrane that is selectively permeable, and a matrix within (Figure 12-1). The outer membrane is characterized by the presence of various enzymes, including acyl-CoA synthetase and glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. Adenylyl kinase and creatine kinase are found in the intermembrane space. The phospholipid cardiolipin is concentrated in the inner membrane together with the enzymes of the respiratory chain. 

Phosphatidic acid is a precursor of phosphatidylglyc-erol which, in turn, gives rise to cardiolipin (Figure 14-8). 

Phosphatidate Is the Common Precursor in the Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols, Many Phosphoglycerols, Cardiolipin... 

Triacylglycerols and some phosphoglycerols are synthesized by progressive acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate. The pathway bifurcates at phosphatidate, forming inositol phospholipids and cardiolipin on the one hand and triacylglycerol and choline and ethanolamine phospholipids on the other. 

B, phosphatidylethanolamine C, phosphatidylglycerol D, diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Ra.COO and Rb.COO are fatty acid residues. 

Two strains of Sphingomonas sp. that could degrade pentachlorophenol maintained their levels of ATP even in the presence of high concentrations of pentachlorophenol. Analysis of the lipids using P NMR showed that this could be attributed to the increased levels of cardiolipin (Lohmeier-Vogel et al. 2001). 

Autoantibodies to cardiolipin, which cross-react with... 

Vaarala, O., Alfthan, G., Jauhiainen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Aho, K. and Palosuo, T. (1993). Cross-reaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 341, 923-925. 

ELISA) in which the antibodies bind to a target lipid, which is usually cardiolipin. Platelet antibodies directed to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol are referred to as anticardiolipin antibodies and their presence is characterized as anti-cardiolipin antibody-thrombosis syndrome (96). 

Unilamellar vesicles PC+20% cardiolipin Polar head/acyl core Fluorescence polarization (DSHA) 52 381... 

The squaraine probe 9g was tested for its sensitivity to trace the formation of protein-lipid complexes [57]. The binding of dye 9g to model membranes composed of zwitter-ionic lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its mixtures with anionic lipid cardiolipin (CL) in different molar ratios was found to be controlled mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Lysozyme (Lz) and ribonuclease A (RNase) influenced the association of 9g with lipid vesicles. The magnitude of this effect was much higher... 

The Wassermann substance17 is prepared by extracting various animal organs, particularly beef heart, with alcohol, and its lipidal nature was early recognized. Pangborn174 described the preparation of a new phospholipid termed cardiolipin from beef heart and claimed that it was the essential constituent of the Wassermann substance. On hydrolysis it gave a fatty acid and a phosphorylated polysaccharide. In a later communication17 however, the carbohydrate constituent is stated... 

As a rule, oxygen radical overproduction in mitochondria is accompanied by peroxidation of mitochondrial lipids, glutathione depletion, and an increase in other parameters of oxidative stress. Thus, the enhancement of superoxide production in bovine heart submitochondrial particles by antimycin resulted in a decrease in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase through the peroxidation of cardiolipin [45]. Iron overload also induced lipid peroxidation and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in rat liver mitochondria [46]. Sensi et al. [47] demonstrated that zinc influx induced mitochondrial superoxide production in postsynaptic neurons. 

As described earlier, superoxide is a well-proven participant in apoptosis, and its role is tightly connected with the release of cytochrome c. It has been proposed that a switch from the normal four-electron reduction of dioxygen through mitochondrial respiratory chain to the one-electron reduction of dioxygen to superoxide can be an initial event in apoptosis development. This proposal was supported by experimental data. Thus, Petrosillo et al. [104] have shown that mitochondrial-produced oxygen radicals induced the dissociation of cytochrome c from bovine heart submitochondrial particles supposedly via cardiolipin peroxidation. Similarly, it has been found [105] that superoxide elicited rapid cytochrome c release in permeabilized HepG2 cells. In contrast, it was also suggested [106] that it is the release of cytochrome c that inhibits mitochondrial respiration and stimulates superoxide production. 

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