Ischemia, cardiac

Nakashima and Todd, 1996 SD rats Global ischemia (cardiac arrest) Permanent 25, 31, 34, and 38, intraischemia Cortical electrical activity, EAA and GABA release during ischemia Time to depolarization increased, decreased chemical levels, larger effect of lower body temperatures... 

Cocaine can have marked effects on the heart and cardiovascular system. Adverse actions may include myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiotoxicity, hypertensive effects, cerebrovascular events, and a hyperco-agulable state (24,40). By 1997 more than 250 cases of myocardial infarction related to the recreational use of cocaine had been documented in the literature (41). Although less common, aortic dissection related to use of cocaine-free base ("crackcocaine") has also been documented (42). Seizures also can be associated with cocaine use (43). 

Inappropriate use of IV verapamil Ventricular fibrillation Severe hypotension and/or myocardial ischemia Cardiac resuscitation (DC cardioversion) Misdiagnosis of VT as PSVT inappropriate use of verapamil... 

The circumflex branch of the left main coronary artery 2 cm distal to the bifurcation was ligated in adult mongrel dogs to produce ischemia. Cardiac tissue samples were obtained for taurine analyses four hours after ligation as described by Crass and Lombardini (1977). 

Hypertension /cardiac ischemia/vaso cons trie tion/central 4- blood pressure Hypertension/cardiac ischemia/skel. muscle blood flow Cardiac inotropy bronchospasm/heart rate/ventricular fibrillation Fascil. cardiac arrest/impairs cardiac perform... 

ACE inhibitors inhibit the degradation of bradykinin and potentiate the effects of bradykinin by about 50-100-fold. The prevention of bradykinin degradation by ACE inhibitors is particularly protective for the heart. Increased bradykinin levels prevent postischemic reperfusion arrhythmia, delays manifestations of cardiac ischemia, prevents platelet aggregation, and probably also reduces the degree of arteriosclerosis and the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The role of bradykinin and bradykinin-induced NO release for the improvement of cardiac functions by converting enzyme inhibitors has been demonstrated convincingly with use of a specific bradykinin receptor antagonist and inhibitors of NO-synthase. 

Arteriogenesis is the growth of collateral vessels from a pre-existing arteriolar network to bypass an ischemic area (e.g., following cardiac ischemia). 

Ca2+ is an important intracellular second messenger that controls cellular functions including muscle contraction in smooth and cardiac muscle. Ca2+ channel blockers inhibit depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry into muscle cells in the cardiovascular system causing a decrease in blood pressure, decreased cardiac contractility, and antiarrhythmic effects. Therefore, these drugs are used clinically to treat hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac arrhythmias. 

Ischemia-reperfusion damage Stroke (A,l), cardiac failure (A), transplantation (A)... 

An episode of acute cardiac ischemia that leads to death of cardiomyocytes. It is usually caused by a thrombotic atherosclerotic plaque. 

Cardiac Mitochondria KATP (SUR2A/ Kir6.2) Myocardial ischemia B MS-180448... 

Urata H, Kinoshita A, Misono KS, Bumpus FM. Husain A Identification of a highly specific chy-mase as the major angiotensin Il-forming enzyme in the human heart. J Biol Chem 1990 265 22348. Silver RB, Reid AC, Mackins CJ, Askwith T, Schaefer U, Herzlinger D, Levi R Mast cells a unique source of renin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 13607. Mackins CJ, Kano S, Sevedi N, Schafer U, Reid AC, Machida T, Silver RB, Levi R Cardiac mast cell-derived renin promotes local angiotensin formation, norepinephrine release, and arrhythmias in ischemia/reperfusion. J Clin Invest 2006 116 1063. 

Silver RB, Mackins CJ, Smith NCE, Koritchneva IL, Lefkowitz K, Lovenberg TW> Levi R Coupling of histamine H3 receptors to neuronal Na+/H+ exchange a novel protective mechanism in myocardial ischemia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 98 2855. Silver RB, Poonwasi KS, Seyedi N, Wilson SJ, Lovenberg TW, Levi R Decreased intracellular calcium mediates the histamine H3-receptor-induced attenuation of norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 99 501. 

Nitroglycerin <5 minute <5 minute 1-1000 meg/ minute Headache, tachycardia Useful in cardiac ischemia... 

Kim, M.-S. and Akera, T. (1987). O2 free radicals cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury to cardiac Na -K ATPase. Am. J. Physiol. 21, H252-H257. 

Normal baseline QT interval and normal cardiac function o Treat ischemia... 

Doses >0.04 units/min have been associated with myocardial ischemia, decreased cardiac output, and cardiac arrest... 

A significant cardiac history and evidence of current ischemia... 

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