Cardiac neonatal

Zaccolo M, Pozzan T (2002) Discrete microdomains with high concentration of cAMP in stimulated rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. Science 295 1711-1715... 

SERCA2a is the principal form of the Ca -ATPase in adult slow-twitch skeletal and cardiac muscles and in neonatal skeletal muscles [8,9,42,53,54,67]. It is also... 

Terbutaline has been shown to prolong pregnancy but has not been associated with decreased neonatal morbidity.36 It is contraindicated for use in women with preexisting cardiac arrhythmia. Potentially serious adverse effects include pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmia, or myocardial ischemia in the mother. Reported fetal and neonatal adverse effects include tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia.41... 

The infant s cardiac rate was also recorded via a neonatal monitor at 60 s intervals beginning 60 s before the stimulus odour was presented. 

Fig. 11.2 Localization of GFP and calsequestrin (CSQ) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Myo cytes were infected with a recombinant adenovirus containing the cDNAs of GFP and CSQ. Both cDNAs were expressed under control of a separate cytomegalovirus promoter. Expression of CSQ and the coexpressed GFP was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Left-. GFP fluorescence (green), middle immunostaining of CSQ (red), right overlay of GFP fluorescence and immunos taining. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Courtesy of Ulrich Gergs...

The gene involved in myotonic dystrophy encodes a protein kinase whose function is still uncharacterized, The disease is characterized by progressive muscle deterioration, cardiac amhythmia, frontal baldness, cataracts, and teaicular atrophy. Because the disease shows anticipation, symptoms range ftom mild to a severe neonatal condition. 

Thi autosomal dominant disorder, which affects approximately 1 in 8,000 individuals, is characterized by progressive muscle deterioration, cardiac arrhythmia, testicular atrophy, frontal baldness, and cataraas. As noted above, most cases are caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 3 UTR of a gene that encodes a protein kinase. Larger repeat numbers lead to earlier and more severe expression of the disease (anticipation). Especially large expansions sometimes occur in maternal transmission of the trinucleotide repeat, resulting in a severe neonatal form of the disorder. 

Fig. 7.8 New paradigm of the heart. (A) Cardiac niches contain stem cells, which, after activation, give rise to myocytes and vascular structures. (B-E) Dividing myocytes (a-sarcomeric actin, red) in fetal (B), neonatal (C), adult (D),...

Interferons are contraindicated in individuals with autoimmune hepatitis or other autoimmune disease, uncontrolled thyroid disease, severe cardiac disease, severe renal or hepatic impairment, seizure disorders, and CNS dysfunction. Immunosuppressed transplant recipients should not receive interferons. Interferons should be used with caution in persons who have myelosuppression or who are taking myelosuppressive drugs. Preparations containing benzyl alcohol are associated with neurotoxicity, organ failure, and death in neonates and infants and therefore are contraindicated in this population. Interferons should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. 

Kimura H, Oyamada Y, Ohshika H, Mri M, Oyamada M Reversible inhibition of gap junctional communication, synchronous contraction and synchronism of intracellular Ca2+ fluctuation in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes by heptanol. Exp Cell Res 1995 220 348-356. 

Massey KD, Minnich BN, Burt JM Arachidonic acid and lipoxygenase metabolites uncouple neonatal rat cardiac myocyte pairs. Am J Physiol 1992 263 C494—C501. 

Reaume A, deSousa PA, Kulkami S, Langille LL, Zhu D, Davies TC, Juneja SC, Kidder GM, Rossant J Cardiac malformation in neonatal mice lacking connexin 43. Science 1995 267 1831-1834. 

Besides local toxicity, discussed above, there are numerous other modes of potential adverse interactions involving excipients (19,20). Many of these pose little threat provided the amounts of excipients are constrained to certain levels. Excessive amounts, however, can cause problems, particularly for patients who are intolerant of even modest levels. Commonly used phosphate buffers may cause calcium loss with formation of insoluble calcium phosphates when such buffers are administered in over-ambitious amounts (21). Calcium phosphate precipitation has been noted particularly in nutritional parenteral admixtures for neonates because of the high nutrient requirements. Similarly, renal toxicity has been associated with depletion of zinc and other trace metals caused by large parenteral doses of ethylenediaminete-traacetic acid (EDTA) (22). Excessive absorption of glycine solutions, when used as irrigants during transurethral resections, can cause hyponatremia, hypertension, and confusion (23). The use of preservatives has been associated with cardiac effects in a few patients (24). Premature neonates were found to be at risk for receiving toxic amounts of benzoic acid or benzyl alcohol in bacteriostatic solutions used to flush intravenous catheters (25). 

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