Carcinogens test results

G. S. Omenn, S. Stuebbe, and L. B. Lave, Predictions of Rodent Carcinogenicity Testing Results Interpretation in Light of the Lave-Omenn Value-of-Information Model, Mol. Carcinog. 14 (1995) 57-45. 

Four of the chloroethanes were carcinogenic in rats and mice under experimental conditions (Weisburger, ref. 44 see also ref. 51). They are 1,2-dichloro- (ref. 29d), 1,1,2-trichloro- and hexachloroethane. Carcinogenicity test results for the 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were ambiguous and to be repeated. 

WilboumJ, Montesano R. 1982. An overview of phthalate ester carcinogenicity testing results The past. Environ Health Perspect 45 127-128. 

Pestle 1de Present Mutagenicity Test Results NCI or lARC Carcinogenicity Test Results... 

There Is substantial agreement between the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity test results. 

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Table 3 Hsts the U.S. producers of methylene chloride and their rated yearly capacities. Since the product mix of a typical chloromethanes process is very flexible, production may be adjusted according to the demand for methylene chloride and chloroform. The demand for methylene chloride has taken a broad downturn as a result of the 1985 NTP carcinogenicity tests (Table 4). The 1988 and 1989 demands were 227,000 t and 216,000 t, respectively, with a forecast 1993 demand of 186,000 t. The historical growth rate (1979—1988) was —2.7% pet year. In the future this should decrease even further to —3 to...

A scientifically evaluated and fully referenced data bank, developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It contains some 8,000 chemical records with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, tumor promotion, and tumor inhibition test results. Data are derived from studies cited in primaiy journals, current awareness tools, NCI reports, and other special sources. Test results have been reviewed by experts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. 

So far, we have considered the QSAR modeling of continuous biological data, that is, where the toxicity value is a number such as an LD50. However, some data are not continuous but are binary (e.g., toxic/ nontoxic) a common example is carcinogenicity, for which test results are almost invariably reported in this way. Clearly, one cannot perform, say, MLR on such classification data (although a method called fuzzy adaptive least squares [70] can be used). A number of methods are available for the modeling of classification data. 

Hradec J, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R. 1988. The initiator tRNA acceptance assay as a shortterm test for carcinogens. 2. Results with ten compounds selected by the International Programme on Chemical Safety for the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 9 843-846. 

A review of data from 250 chemicals found an 82% concordance between results of carcinogenicity testing in the mouse and the rat (Purchase, 1980). Haseman et al. (1984a) reported a concordance of 73% for 60 compounds studies in both species. However, 30 to 40% of 186 National Cancer Institute (NCI) chemicals were found to be positive in one species and negative in the other (Gold et al., 1984). It is reasonable to conclude that neither rodent species will always predict the results in the other rodent species or in humans, and that the use of two species will continue until we have a much better understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. 

Maronpot RR, Shimkin MB, Witschi HP, et al. 1986. Strain A mouse pulmonary tumor test results for chemical previously tested in the National Cancer Institute carcinogenicity tests. J Natl Cancer Inst 76 1101-1112. 

Seiler JP. 1977. Inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis by chemical mutagens and carcinogens. Preliminary results in the validation of a novel short term test. Mutat Res 46 305-310. 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. No information was located regarding health effects in humans following chronic-duration exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite however, information is available from animal studies (Haag 1949 Kurokawa et al. 1986). Results of animal carcinogenicity testing are available for oral (Kurokawa et al. 1986 Miller et al. 1986) and dermal exposure (Kurokawa et al. 1984). These results generally do not indicate a carcinogenic effect, with the exception of a report of... 

Reifferscheid, G. and Heil, J. (1996) Validation of the SOS/umu test using test results of 486 chemicals and comparison with the Ames test and carcinogenicity data. Mutation Research, 369, 129-145. 

The initial metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene, yielded equivocal results in carcinogenicity tests, whereas the subsequent metabolite, l,2 3,4-diepoxybutane, was carcinogenic to mice and rats when administered by skin application or by subcutaneous injection. 

The presence and amount of the carcinogenic amines are to be tested according to an official German test method [44], The test result leads to banning of the article if the trace amount of a listed amine exceeds 30 ppm. 

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