Carboxylic trivial names

When side chains of two or more different kinds are attached to a cyclic component, only the senior side chain is named by the conjunctive method. The remaining side chains are named as prefixes. Likewise, when there is a choice of cyclic component, the senior is chosen. Benzene derivatives may be named by the conjunctive method only when two or more identical side chains are present. Trivial names for oxo carboxylic acids may be used for the acyclic component. If the cyclic and acyclic components are joined by a double bond, the locants of this bond are placed as superscripts to a Greek capital delta that is inserted between the two names. The locant for the cyclic component precedes that for the acyclic component, e.g., indene-A - -acetic acid. 

Many trivial names exist for acids these are listed in Table 1.11. Generally, radicals are formed by replacing -ic acid by -oyL When a trivial name is given to an acyclic monoacid or diacid, the numeral 1 is always given as locant to the carbon atom of a carboxyl group in the acid or to the carbon atom with a free valence in the radical RCO—. 

The trivial name bisnorisopenicillin has been coined for the 6-acylamino-3-thia-l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (85) structural class. While not extensively investigated, an example of this class has been prepared as shown in Scheme 66 (78JMC413). The following features of this sequence are noteworthy (a) the exclusively cis cycloaddition to form intermediate (86) and (b) the use of the 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl amide blocking group. 

Oxidation of nicotine with chromic acid led to the isolation of pyridine-3-carboxylic acid, which was given the trivial name nicotinic acid. We now find that nicotinic acid derivatives, especially nicotinamide, are biochemically important. Nicotinic acid (niacin) is termed vitamin B3, though nicotinamide is also included under the umbrella term vitamin B3 and is the preferred material for dietary supplements. It is common practice to enrich many foodstuffs, including bread, flour, corn, and rice products. Deficiency in nicotinamide leads to pellagra, which manifests itself in diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia. 

Penam p-Lactamase Inhibitors. Penam is the trivial name of 4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane. The report that 6-/3-bromopenicillanic acid, [2(5)-(2or. 5 . 6/8)]-6-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo [3.2.0]lieptane-2-carboxylic acid, (R = Br, R1 = H. R = R1 = CHi) is a potent inhibitor led to intense study both of this compound and analogues. The microbiology profile of 6-/3-bromopenicillanic acid has been reported and the compound has progressed to clinical trials. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the dihydrothiazine derivative is responsible for inactivation of /3-lactamases. 

The names of esters consist of two words that reflect their formation from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. According to the 1UPAC rule. Ihe alkyl or aryl group of the alcohol is cited first followed by the carboxylate group of the acid with the ending -ate replacing the -ic of the acid. For example. CHiCHiCOOCH, the methyl ester of propanoic acid, is called methyl propanoate (or methyl propionate, if the trivial name, propionic acid, is used for the carboxylic acid). 

The nomenclature of carboxylic acids and their derivatives was discussed in Section 7-6. Many carboxylic acids have trivial names and often are referred to as fatty acids. This term applies best to the naturally occurring straight-chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic acids, which, as esters, are constituents of the fats, waxes, and oils of plants and animals. The most abundant of these fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. 

The presence of two or more carboxyl groups in a carbon chain gives rise to dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, etc., acids many of these acids are designated by universally recognised and accepted trivial names (see Table 10.20). Unsaturated acids are considered in Section 5.18.3, p. 804 other functionally substituted acids (e.g. hydroxy acids, amino acids, etc.) are considered in Section 5.14. 

Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid at one end. They can be classified on the basis of the length of the hydrocarbon chain (Table 2.2) and whether there are any double bonds. Trivial names of fatty acids such as butyric, lauric, oleic and palmitic acids are in common use in the food industry. A form of short-hand is used to refer to triglycerides where POS is palmitic, oleic, stearic. If the chain length is the same an unsaturated fat will always have a lower melting point. Another classification of fats that is used is in terms of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Saturated fats are fats without any double bonds. Many animal fats are saturated, but some vegetable fats, e.g. coconut oil, are saturated also. Mono-unsaturated fats include oils like olive oil but also some partially hydrogenated fats. Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds and include sunflower oil. Because they are... 

Malonic acid The trivial name for propandioic acid, CH2(C02H)2, i.e. a geminal carboxylic acid. 

The names of modified carboxylic acids are often derived from the trivial names of the acids. Positions of substituents are sometimes indicated by lowercase Greek letters, beginning with the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl carbon, rather than by numbering the carbon chain. 

Transferases. Transferases catalyze reactions that involve the transfer of groups from one molecule to another. Examples of such groups include amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, methyl, phosphoryl, and acyl (RC=0). Common trivial names for the transferases often include the prefix trans. Examples include the transcarboxylases, transmethylases, and transaminases. 

Acylation of 3-substituted indoles is more difficult, however 2-acetylation can be effected with the aid of boron trifluoride catalysis." " Indoles, with a carboxyl-containing side-chain acid at C-3, undergo intramolecular acylation forming cyclic 2-acylindoles." Intramolecular Vilsmeier processes, using tryptamine amides, have been used extensively for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-p-carbolines, a sub-structure found in many indole alkaloids (P-carboline is the widely used, trivial name for pyrido[3,4-fc]indole). Note that it is the imine, rather than a ketone, that is the final product the cyclic nature of the imine favours its retention rather than hydrolysis to amine plus ketone as in the standard Vilsmeier sequence " this ring closure is analogous to the Bischler-Napieralski synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines (9.15.1.7). 

Protein O-methyltransferase. Protein methylase II, which methylates the y or carboxyl group of glutamic and/or aspartic acid residues has been purified from calf thymus (193) and rat and human blood (213). The recommended trivial name of this enzyme is protein O-methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine protein O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.24). The enzyme catalyzes the reaction ... 

The generxc witha steroids which has been proposed does not seem to have gained much popularity. For compounds with a modified carboxylic skeleton and or side chain, only CA names are being used, along with the trivial names. 

An instructive example for pathway 6-37 A was found by Franck-Neumann and Miesch (1984). Reaction (6-38) demonstrates that the cycloaddition with 2-diazopropane takes place, as expected, at the double bond of methyl 5-methyl-hexa-2,4-dienoate (6.87) substituted by the (electron-withdrawing) ester group. The intermediate dihydropyrazole can be isolated. It is interesting, however, that in the subsequent azo-extrusion leading to the substituted cyclopropane carboxylate 6.88 (trivial name crysanthemic ester), the cis/trans ratios of the thermal, of the photolytic (high pressure Hg lamp), and of the benzophenone-sensitized photolytic methods are very different, in spite of the yield being the same (90%). 

Infrared spectroscopy provides a convenient method for studying the deprotection kinetics of resist polymers. For example, the deprotection kinetics of some alicyclic polymer resist systems comprising (i) poly(methylpropyl bicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate-co-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid) (trivial name poly(carbo-t-butoxynorbomene-co-norbornene carboxylic acid) [poly(CBN-co-NBCA)] (I) and (ii) poly(methylpropyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride) (trivial name poly(carbo-t-butoxynorbomene-co-maleic anhydride) [poly(CBN-aZr-MAH)] (11) and containing triphenylsulfonium... 

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