Carboxylic adds—

C) Carboxylic adds For aryl-substituted alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol, oxidation readily gives the corresponding add (c/. p. 336). 

Solubility in sodium carbonate solution. Note that phenols, when soluble in water, will also dissolve in NagCOg solution, but usually loithout evolution of CO, i.e., without the formation of a sodium derivative. This reaction can therefore be used to distinguish between carboxylic adds and most phenols. See Section 5, p. 330. 

Carboxylic adds are obtained from aryl iodides by the reaction of chloroform under basic conditions without using CO[336],... 

Aldehydes are more generally prepared by electrolytic reduction of amides, the reduction of carboxylic adds being possible only when they are activated by a strongly electron-withdrawing group (58). 

Names ending in -carbonsdure are translated -carboxylic add, not -carbonic acid (but -carbonyl chloride is preferred to -carboxylyl chloride). 

Electronically, we find that strongly polarized acyl compounds react more readily than less polar ones. Thus, acid chlorides are the most reactive because the electronegative chlorine atom withdraws electrons from the carbonyl carbon, whereas amides are the least reactive. Although subtle, electrostatic potential maps of various carboxylic add derivatives indicate the differences by the relative blueness on the C-O carbons. Acyl phosphates are hard to place on this scale because they are not used in the laboratory, but in biological systems they appear to be somewhat more reactive than thioesters. 

If excess base and halogen are used, a methyl ketone is triply halogenated and then cleaved by base in the halofotm reaction. The products are a carboxylic add plus a so-called haioform (chloroform, CHCI3 bromoform,... 

One of the oldest and best known carbonyl alkylation reactions is the malonic ester synthesis, a method for preparing a carboxylic add from an alkyl halide while lengthening the carbon chain by two atoms. 

Carboxylic adds -oit acid -carboxylic acid carboxy... 

Infrared spectroscopy—cont d carbonyl compounds. 428-429 carboxylic add derivatives,... 

As usual, R is a hydrocarbon group or, in the simplest case, a hydrogen atom. The acidic hydrogen atom is the one bonded to oxygen. The IUPAC name of a carboxylic add can be obtained by substituting the suffix -oic acid for the final e in the name of the corresponding alkane. In practice, such names are seldom used. For example, the first two members of the series are commonly referred to as formic add and acetic add. 

As illustrated in Figure A8.3 nitrilases catalyse conversions of nitriles directly into the corresponding carboxylic adds (route A), while other nitrile converting enzymes, die nitrile hydratases, catalyse the conversion of nitriles into amides (route B) which, by the action of amidases usually present in the whole cell preparations, are readily transformed into carboxylic adds (route C). 

Polyazetidine prepolymer may be cross-linked in aqueous solution by reaction with amine, thiol, hydroxyl, carboxylic add or other polyazetidine groups. Cross-linking occurs upon water removal, heating or by changing to a basic pH. The immobilised cell/polymer composition may be prepared in the form of membranes, fibres, tubes or beads. 

Arthrobacter simplex FERM P-4477 3-hydroxy-9-oxo-9,10-sec pregna-1,3,5 triene-20-carboxylic add Mitsubishi... 

This review is devoted to the study of the kinetics and mechanisms of the direct esterification of carboxylic adds with alcohols. The results which are analyzed here concern esterifications and linear polyesterifications between small molecules or oligomers in solution or in bulk. We will examine the following points ... 

Since the FeCp(C6H6)+ unit is robust towards oxidation even in concentrated sulfuric acid, oxidation of alkyl substituents upon boiling in aqueous KMn04 solution can be achieved and leads to carboxylic substituents. The mesitylene complex can be oxidized to the mono-, di-, or tri-carboxylic add depending upon the reaction conditions. In the latter case, the decomplexed trimesic acid is obtained [106, 107] Scheme XXII ... 

Pinacolone, o-(diphenylphosphino)benzoyl-coordination chemistry, 2, 401 Ping-pong reactions copper(II) complexes, 5, 717 Piperidine, /V-hydroxy-metal complexes, 2, 797 P a values azole ligands, 2, 77 Plant roots amino acids, 2, 962 carboxylic adds, 2,962 Plants... 

Alkyl bromides by action of bromine and mercuric oxide on carboxylic adds, 43, 9... 

Conversion of Carboxylic Adds into Olefins by Non-Kolbe Electrolysis. .. 126... 

Nitrilases are quite rare in bacterial genomes and less than 20 were reported prior to the application of metagenomics for their detection in environmental DNA [81]. Two studies targeting environmental genomes report the detection of more than 337 novel nitrilases. This has dramatically increased the amount of information about nitrilases, and the newly discovered diversity can be applied for the enantioselective production of hydroxy carboxylic add derivatives [81]. 

CN 2-amino-7-( l-niethylethyl)-5-oxo-5W-[ 1 ]benzopyrano[2,3-fc]pyri(jine-3-carboxylic add... 

CN 2-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptane-2-carboxylic add 3-(diethylamino)propyl ester hydrochloride... 

C35H31N3O7S2 66254-46-4) see Cefotaxime [6R-[6a,7P(jR )]] 3-[(acetyloxy)methylJ-8-oxo-7-[(phenyl-sulfoacetyl)ainino]>5-thia-l azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene>2> carboxylic add... 

Note The chromatogram zones exhibit a broad spectrum of colors [3, 12] that is very dependent on the duration and temperatiue of heating. Therefore the optimum reaction conditions must be determined empirically. With a few exceptions (ferulic, 4-amino-benzoic and cumarinic adds) aromatic carboxylic adds do not react [3]. The reagent in 80 ethanolic sulfuric add is reported to be most sensitive for steroids [25]. 

Many carboxylic adds are converted into fluorescent derivatives by oxidation and UV irradiation. The reaction mechanism has not been elucidated. 

An acid chloride is a deriva live of a carboxylic add in which the hydroxyl group is replaced by a chlorine atom. 

Generally, cement-forming liquids are aqueous solutions of inorganic or organic adds. These adds include phosphoric add, multifunctional carboxylic adds, phenolic bodies and certain metal halides and sulphates (Table 2.1). There are also non-aqueous cement-forming liqtiids which are multidentate acids with the ability to form complexes. 

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