Salts of carboxylic adds

The time conversion curves of the polymerisation initiated by tributyl amine are shown in Fig 11. They resemble the curves presented in Fig. 10, indicating the basic similarity of the process initiated by tertiary amines, by salts of carboxylic adds and by LiCl in dimethyl... 

Carboxylic adds where the R group is an alkyl group are called aliphatic acids. Tire salts of carboxylic adds are named with the suffix -ate. The -ate replaces the -ic (or -oic in lUPAC names), so that "acetic" becomes "acetate". (Acetate is sometimes abbreviated -OAc.) In IUPAC rules, the carbonyl carbon of a carboxylic acid takes priority over all groups discussed so far. 

Speaknum, J. C. Add Salts of Carboxylic Adds, Crystals with some Very Short Hydrogen Bonds. Vol. 12, pp. 141-199. 

Add Salts of Carboxylic Adds, Crystals with some Very Short Hydrogen Bonds... 

Somorjai, G. A., Van Hove, M. A. Adsorbed Monolayers on Solid Surfaces. Vol. 38, pp. 1-140. Speakman, J. C. Add Salts of Carboxylic Adds, Crystals with some Very Short Hydrogen Bonds. Vol. 12, pp. 141-199. 

In a similar vein, the silver (Ag+) salts of carboxylic adds undergo decarboxylation in the presence of bromine (Br2) to produce silver bromide and bromoalkane (the Hunsdiecker reaction). The Hunsdiecker reaction also appears to involve radicals as shown in Scheme 9.101, where,in the first step,silver bromide precipitates from the reaction mixture with formation of an acyl hypobromite (RC(D2Br). Then, homolysis of the oxygen-bromine bond generates bromine atoms and the carboxyl radical, seen here as the same radical generated in Scheme 9.100. Following loss of carbon dioxide (CO2), it is held that the alkyl radical is captured by the bromine atom (Br ) to produce alkylbromide (1-bromoethane [CH3CH2Br]). 

The carbonyl stretching absorption, which occurs at about 1730 to 1700 cm for the dimer, is usually broader and more intense than that present in an aldehyde or a ketone. For most adds, when the acid is diluted with a solvent, the C=0 absorption appears between 1760 and 1730 cm for the monomer. However, the monomer is not often seen experimentally since it is usually easier to run the spectrum as a neat liquid. Under these conditions, as well as in a potassium bromide pellet or a Nujol mull, the dimer exists. It should be noted that some acids exist as dimers even at high dilution. Conjugation with a C=C or aryl group usually shifts the absorption band to a lower frequaicy, as predicted in Section 2.14A and as shown in the spectrum of benzoic acid (Fig. 2.46). Halogenadon on the cr carbon leads to an increase in the C=0 frequency. Section 2.18 discusses salts of carboxylic adds. 

IV. Ammoniiun salts of carboxylic adds, aldehyde-ammonias, amides, imides, nitriles. Acyl derivatives of bases (JV-substituted amides). Hydrazines, semicarbazide, hydroxyl-amine, their salts and carbonyl derivatives. Condensation products of aldehydes with ammonia or amines. 

Ammonium Salts of Carboxylic Adds Aldehyde-ananomas Anodes Inodes Nitriles Acyl Derivatives of Bases Hydrazines, Sendcarbazide, Hydroxylandne, their salts and carbonyl derivatives Condensation Products of Aldehydes with Amntonia or Andnes... 

We ve seen how Grignard reagents add to the carbonyl group of aldehydes ketones and esters Grignard reagents react m much the same way with carbon dioxide to yield mag nesium salts of carboxylic acids Acidification converts these magnesium salts to the desired carboxylic acids... 

Acid chlorides react with salts of carboxylic acids to give add anhydrides (see next preparation). 

Sandmeyer s synthesis of aromatic nitriles is far more elegant than the removal of water from the ammonium salts of carboxylic acids, which latter reaction is also applicable to benzene derivatives. In particular, the former synthesis permits of the preparation of carboxylic acids via the nitriles, and so provides a complete substitute for Kolbe s synthesis (alkyl halide and potassium cyanide), which is inapplicable to aromatic compounds. The simplest example is the conversion of aniline into benzoic add. The converse transformation is Hofmann s degradation (benzamide aniline, see p. 152). 

Basic beryllium acetate, [CAS 543-81-7], Be40(C2lL02)6, is the best known of the beryllium salts of organic adds which can be divided into normal beryllium carboxylates, Be(RCOOh. and beryllium oxide carhoxylates, Re40(RC.00). The basic aceiate is soluble in glacial acetic acid and can readily be crystallized therefrom in very pure form. It is also soluble in chloroform and other organic solvents. It has been used as a source of pure beryllium salts,... 

Reaction xxklll. (d) Condensation of Aldehydes with the Sodium Salts of certain Adds in the presence of Add Anhydrides (Perkin). (A., 100,126 227, 48 B., 10,68 14,1826 J. C. S., 21, 53 J 1877, 789.) —This is a reaction of very wide application, and one much used in the preparation of unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids. It consists in heating together—usually to 180°—an aldehyde, the sodium salt of a fatty acid with at least one oc-hydrogen atom, and an acid anhydride. The following reactions then occur —... 

Diazoniam salts. Replacement by —CN. Syntheses of carboxylic adds... 

The method of Scheme 5 permits carrying out the reaction in strongly acidic-medium and necessarily requires the presence of the silver salt cataljret The method of Scheme 6 uses solutions of carboxylic adds and sodium carboxylate it is useful with heteroaromatic bases, such as thiazoles or diazines, which complex the silver Sedt and reduce its catalytic activity... 

Dilithium salts of carboxylic acids add to glyoxal mono(dimethylhydrazone) to give salts which with -toluenesulphonyl chloride afford the corresponding unsaturated... 

Mixed condensations in which the nucleophilic enolate is derived from an ester have also been developed. Very strong bases have usually been used for enolate formation. For example, the lithium enolate of ethyl acetate is generated using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as the base. Condensation with carbonyl compounds proceeds readily (entry 13, Scheme 2.1) without apparent complications from proton-transfer reactions between the ester enolate and carbonyl compound. The dilithium salts of carboxylic acids can also add to carbonyl compounds (entry 14, Scheme 2.1). 

The polyoxymethylene composition includes the nucleating agent of 0.1 wt% to 3.0 wt%. The nucleating agent is a sodium salt or a calcium salt of montanic add and a sodium salt or a calcium salt of a long chain, linear carboxylic acid. For example, Licomont Cav 102, LicomontNav 101 or their combination from Clariant. ... 

The aerobic oxidation of alcohol under neutral or acidic conditions to produce the corresponding adds, which can avoid the neutralization of the carboxylate salts, is also an important R D issue. In Aualcohol oxidation in methanol, the corresponding methyl esters are obtained with high selectivity instead of carboxylic adds by using metal oxide supported Au NPs [157, 160]. In this case, base is not necessary, or only a catalytic amount of base is required to promote the reaction. However, in water, it was demonstrated that alcohols were not oxidized under acidic conditions [161] and only aldehydes were oxidized to carboxylic adds [162]. Even under solvent-free conditions or in organic solvents, alcohols were converted into aldehydes without base however, the alcohols were not fully oxidized to carboxylic acid under acidic conditions [163-166]. 

Benzoic acid reacts readily with sodium bicarbonate to form sodium benzoate, carbon dioxide, and water. The sodium salt of benzoic add has highly ionic characteristics and thus, unlike the free add, the salt is very soluble in water and nearly insoluble in methylene chloride. This salt is characterized by a full ionic bond between the carboxylic add group of the add and the sodium ion. It is, therefore, a new substance exhibiting many of the solubility properties commonly associated with inorganic ionic salts. 

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