Carboxylic acids formic acid

Figure 3-6. Fugacity coefficients for saturated mixtures containing two carboxylic acids formic acid (1) and acetic...

The name of a carboxylic acid always ends in -ic, and the name of the anion ends in -ate. Figure 17-9 shows three simple carboxylic acids formic acid ( K = 1.8 x 10 ), acetic acid ( K — 1.8 X 10 ), and benzoic acid ( Ta = 6.4 X 10 ). HCO2 is formate, CH3 CO2 is acetate, and Cg H5 CO2 is benzoate. Examples and treat benzoic acid quantitatively. 

In short, while the focus has been primarily on sulfuric and nitric acids as a source of acid deposition, it is clear that organic acids can also contribute significantly. The gas-phase concentrations of the simplest carboxylic acids, formic acid and acetic acid, are relatively high even in remote regions, of the order of a ppb. Both natural and anthropogenic sources have been... 

Carboxylic acids The smallest carboxylic acid, formic acid, can be measured using infrared spectroscopy (Table 11.2), since it has characteristic absorption bands. As discussed earlier and seen in Fig. 11.33b, mass spectrometry with chemical ionization using SiF5 also revealed HCOOH in an indoor environment (Huey et al., 1998). However, since the sensitivity in these initial studies was about two orders of magnitude less than that for HN03, the detection limit may be about the same as that for FTIR and TDLS. Formic and acetic acids have been monitored continuously from aircraft (Chapman et al., 1995) and their surface flux determined by eddy correlation (Shaw et al., 1998) using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Detection limits are about 30 ppt. 

The Hammett correlation for substituted carboxylic acids is demonstrated in Figure 5.26. The Hammett constant om fails for aliphatic compounds, and the derived constant o must be used to predict accurate Hammett correlations. The least-substituted carboxylic acid, formic acid, was used as the reference compound. The Hammett correlation for substituted carboxylic acids (CAs) demonstrates that the CAs substituted by electron-withdrawing substituents, such as Cl, oxidize the fastest. CAs substituted by electron-donating groups, such as CH3 and NH2, oxidize more slowly than those substituted by electron-withdrawing substituents. The reaction pathway for substituted carboxylic acids is shown in Figure 5.27. These trends are different for phenols and alkanes, because the reaction site is at the election pair located at the oxygen atom. 

R,7R)-7-[2-[2-(2-Chloroacetamido)-4-thiazolyl]-2-(methoxyimino) acetamido]-8-oxo-3-[[(l,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methyl-5,6-dioxo-as-triazin-3-yl)thio]methyl]-5-thia-l-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid Formic acid... 

Different organic compounds have been investigated at BDD and BDD/Ir02 electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and preparative electrolysis. As model organic compounds, simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and ter-butanol) and simple carboxylic acids (formic acid, oxalic acid, and maleic acid) have been investigated. Two mechanisms can be distinguished for the organics oxidation ... 

Figure 12 Crematogaster ants make the simplest carboxylic acid, formic acid. Notice the structure of the —COOH group.

Decarboxylation is, of course, easiest when the carboxyl group is loosened by the influence of neighboring groups. Malonic acid18 and suitable substitution products73 can, after deuteration, be readily converted into deuterated acetic acid and its derivatives. Moreover, the simplest carboxylic acid, formic acid, has been obtained labeled in this way 74,75... 

H-Fluoretie-1-carboxylic acid Formic acid H-COOH... 

D-a-t-Butoxycarbonylamino-a-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido] -3-(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid Formic acid... 

Acetic acid is a carboxylic acid. Formic acid is the lowest carboxylic acid, and it contains only 1 C atom per molecule. What is its formula ... 

Formic acid and acetic acid are the two most important carboxylic acids. Formic acid is a source of irritation in the bites of ants and other insects or in the scratch of nettles. A liquid with a sharp, irritating odor, formic acid is used in manufacturing esters, salts, and plastics. Acetic acid is present in a concentration of about 5% in vinegar and is responsible for its odor and taste. Acetic acid is among the least expensive organic acids, and is therefore a raw material in many commercial processes that require a carboxylic acid. Sodium acetate is one of several common salts of carboxylic acids. It is used to control the acidity of chemical processes and in preparing soaps and pharmaceutical agents. 

For the simplest carboxylic acid, formic acid, this latter step leads to H + CO2. The reaction of S04 with acetate, however, leads predominately to decarboxylation 193]. Rate constants for the reactions of acetate 196] and several halo-genated acetates [97] have been measured, Substitution of a single chlorine or fluorine for a hydrogen makes little difference in the rate constant. Substitution of two chlorines reduces the rate constant by a factor of two, while two fluorines reduce it by a factor of 50. Three fluorines lower the rate constant by almost 3(X) the effect of three chlorines is significant, but uncertain. 

Carboxylic acids formic acid, acetic acid, propionic add, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic add, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic add, hexadecanoic add, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid... 

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