Carboxylation 836 INDEX

Pulp Kappa3 Lignin % Copper b index Carboxyl index... 

Physical Data Index 4H-Azepine-2-carboxylic acid... 

For acrylate polymers with higher levels of carboxylic acids, THF can be modified by the addition of acids such as acetic, phosphoric, or trifluoroacetic. Levels as high as 10% acetic acid are considered acceptable by most manufacturers for their styrene/DVB columns. If such a modified mobile phase is used, it may need to be premixed rather than generated using a dynamic mixing HPLC pump because on-line mixing often leads to much noisier baselines, particularly when using a refractive index detector. 

Eor amine-containing polymers, DMF is often a good choice of solvent. DMF can also be a good choice for polymers of higher carboxylic acid content. However, DMF does present some experimental difficulties. It must be run at an elevated temperature, typically 60°C, because of its viscosity. Also, because most polymers have a much lower refractive index response in DMF, the signal-to-noise ratio for a polymer in this solvent is diminished versus the same ratio for common acrylates in THF. 

Entries where the oxidation state of a metal has been specified occur after all the entries for the unspecified oxidation state, and the same or similar entries may occur under both types of heading. Thus cyanide appears under Chromium complexes, Chromium(O) complexes, Chromium(I) complexes, etc. More specific entries, such as Chromium, hexacyano-, may also occur. Similar ligands may also occur in different entries. Thus a carboxylic acid-metal complex may occur under Carboxylic acid complexes, under entries for specific carboxylic acids, and under the specific metal. Coordination complexes may also be listed in the Cumulative Formula Index. 

In an alternate synthesis, the formation of thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) is accomplished with two polymers, wherein one polymer is grafted with a carboxylic acid anhydride, which then is reacted with an aminosilane, which reacts with the acid anhydride and then cross-links with moismre. The vulcanizates exhibit good mechanical properties and lower melt-flow index than the starting polymers. 

How to Use the Book to Locate Examples of the Preparation of Protection of Monofunctional Compounds. Examples of the preparation of one functional group from another are found in the monofunctional index on p. x, which lists the corresponding section and page. Sections that contain examples of the reactions of a functional group are found in the horizontal rows of this index. Section 1 gives examples of the reactions of alkynes that form new alkynes Section 16 gives reactions of alkynes that form carboxylic acids and Section 31 gives reactions of alkynes that form alcohols. 

Examples of alkylation, dealkylation, homologation, isomerization, and transposition are found in Sections 1,17,33, and so on, lying close to a diagonal of the index. These sections correspond to such topics as the preparation of alkynes from alkynes carboxylic acids from carboxylic acids and... 

Examples of the protection of alkynes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, amides, amines, esters, ketones, and alkenes are also indexed on p. xvii. Section (designated with an A 15A, 30A, etc.) with protecting group reactions are located at the end of pertinent chapters. 

CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity index analysis) is a recent development from CoMFA and does not suffer from the alignment problem. It has been used to model hERG potassium channel inhibition by drugs [59] and the toxicity of phenylsulfonyl carboxylates [60], organophosphates [61], and polybrominated diphenyl ethers [62], with results comparable to those from CoMFA. 

Oxidative damage to membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of numerous lipid peroxidation products, some of which can be measured as index of oxidative stress, including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and short carboxylic acids. 

Several of these internal diazonium salts, prepared by diazotisation of anthranilic acids, are explosive in the solid state, or react violently with various materials. Individually indexed compounds (including analogous sulfonates) are Benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate, 2659 Benzenediazonium-3 or 4-carboxylate, 2661... 

This group has examples of many types of acids derived from aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic radicals, with carboxylic, phenolic or sulfonic or related functional substituents. Individually indexed acids are ... 

These oxidations suffer from the fact that the high selectivities are only observed at low conversions (<7%). At higher conversions, the carboxylic acid products leach the transition metals out of the zeolite framework into solution where the selectivity index is much lower [63]. As these reactions proceed, the 3 -I- oxidation states of the metal ions return to their 2 -I- states, accompanied by their characteristic color change. In the case of MnAlPO-18, the spent catalyst (Mn ) was washed with methanol and reactivated in dry air at 550°C and successfully recycled (Mn Mn ) twice without appreciable loss of activity [64]. 

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