Carbonization of coal

Combustion of coal and other fuels Gasification of coal, peat, wood wastes Carbonization of coal (decomposition without oxygen)... 

Coke Coke is the solid, cellular, infusible material remaining after the carbonization of coal, pitch, petroleum residues, and certain other carbonaceous materials. The varieties of coke generally are identified by prefixing a word to indicate the source, if other than coal, (e.g., petroleum coke) or the process by which a coke is manufactured (e.g., oven coke). 

Background Converting coal to combustible gas has been practiced commercially since the early nineteenth century. The first gas-producing companies were chartered in 1812 in England and in 1816 in the United States to produce gas for illumination oy the heating or pyrolysis of coal. This method of producing gas is still in use the gas is a by-product of the carbonization of coal to manufacture coke for metallurgical purposes. 

Most of the coke produced in the United States today comes from the high-temperature carbonization of coal. The coke is used pnmarily by the metallurgical industries as a fuel and in the rendering of iron from iron ore m the blast furnace... 

The CRO pitch sample (Fig. 9) and the PVC samples (Fig. 10) show well formed (002) peaks which first broaden, and then sharpen, as the heating temperature is increased. The KS pitch sample shows a very similar result. Diamond [35] noticed this effect in his work on carbonization of coals. Figures 9 and 10 show that the widtli and position of the (002) peaks do not change dramatically upon heating in this temperature range for the pitch and PVC samples. These peak widths are consistent with stacks of order 5 to 7 layers accordmg to the Scherrer equation assuming d,oo2) is about 3.5A. 

Although pyridines and quinolines were first produced during the carbonization of coal, they are now available by synthesis in quantities that far exceed those by the former. Phosphorylated ribosides of hydroxylated and aminated pyrimidines and purines make up the basic structure of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. The polycyclic oxaarenes are plant metabolites, while thiaarenes are primarily important components of high-sulfur petroleum that must be removed. 

Still A method for increasing the yield of fight oil formed in the carbonization of coal. Some of the gas produced is passed through the partially carbonized coal in a cooler part of the bed. Developed by C. Still and used in Recklinghausen, Germany in the 1930s for producing motor fuel. See also Carl Still. 

Coke. Metallurgical coke is obtained by high-temperature carbonization of coal. It is a poorly graphitized form of carbon it is mainly used in blast furnace for steel manufacture (see Iron, 5.10). 

Lasers and plasma provide means for investigating the rapid carbonization of coal at high temperatures. Owing to the short residence time of coal particles in a plasma jet, it is unlikely that thermodynamic equilibrium or even thermal equilibrium will be attained. Moreover the gaseous products will be heavily diluted by the carrier gas. Nevertheless the thermodynamics presented here provide a useful guide to the type of products which may be expected at various temperatures and their relative yields. 

COAL TAR AND DERIVATIVES. CAS 65996-93-2. Coal tar constitutes the major part of the liquid condensate obtained from the dry" distillation or carbonization of coal (mostly bituminous) to coke. The three inajor products of this distillation are (I) metallurgical coke. (2) gas which is suitable as a fuel after appropriate chemical treatment, and (3> condensable liquids which leave the coke oven along with the gas and which are constituted principally of ammonia liquor and coal tar. The condensable materials and gas impurities are separated from gas in the condensation and purification train of the coke oven plant. The purified coke oven gas is used as fuel in heal the coke ovens and steel producing furnaces. Prior to the widespread use of natural gas as a dnmeslic fuel, coke oven gas was widely used for this purpose after additional purification as residential fuel. 

Coal gas mixture of volatile products (primarily, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen) remaining after removal of water and tar, obtained from carbonization of coal, having a heat content of 400 to 600 Btu/ft3. 

Coal tar condensable distillate containing light, middle, and heavy oils obtained by carbonization of coal. About 8 gal of tar is obtained from each ton of bituminous coal. 

Many of the feedstocks for the chemical industry, especially aromatic hydrocarbons, were originally obtained as by-products from the carbonization of coal. (1,2) However, nowadays, most of these chemical feedstocks are derived from petroleum. Nevertheless, it is probable that, within the next few decades, the shortage of world reserves of petroleum will mean that BTX will once again have to be produced from coal, as will ethylene. It is, therefore, appropriate to examine ways in which these materials can be produced from coal the present investigation was designed to study the formation of BTX and ethylene by the thermal cracking of coal-derived materials from the NCB coal liquefaction/hydrogenation processes. (3)... 

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