Carbonation solid residue

POC may also include solid residues containing ash and unburned carbon particles. 

When addition is complete the mixture is heated under reflux during 5 hours and then the acetone is removed by distillation. The residue is dissolved in water, acidified with hydrochloric acid and the mixture extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract is stirred with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the aqueous layer is separated. The alkaline extract is acidified with hydrochloric acid and filtered. The solid product is drained free from oil on a filter pump, then washed with petroleum ether (BP 40° to 60°C), and dried at 50°C. The solid residue, MP 114° to 116°C, may be crystallized from methanol (with the addition of charcoal) to give p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, MP 118° to 119°C. 

A mixture of 7.3 parts l-chloro-4,4-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-butane, 5.1 parts l-phenyl-4-oxo-l,3,8-triaza-spiro(4,5)-decane, 4 parts sodium carbonate, a few crystals of potassium iodide in 200 parts 4-methyl-2-pentanone is stirred and refluxed for 60 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture is treated with water. The organic layer is separated, dried, filtered and evaporated. The solid residue is recrystallized from 80 parts 4-methyl-2-pentanone, yielding l-phenyl-4-oxo-8-[4,4-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-] butyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro(4,5)decane, melting point 187.5° to 190°C. 

A) A mixture of 333 parts of 4-(1 -piperazinyDphenol dihydrobromide, 11.2 parts of acetic acid anhydride, 42 parts of potassium carbonate and 300 parts of 1,4-dioxane is stirred and refluxed for 3 days. The reaction mixture is filtered and the filtrate is evaporated. The solid residue is stirred in water and sodium hydrogen carbonate is added. The whole is stirred for 30 minutes. The precipitated product is filtered off and dissolved in a diluted hydrochloric acid solution. The solution is extracted with trichloromethane. The acid aqueous phase is separated and neutralized with ammonium hydroxide. The product is filtered off and crystallized from ethanol, yielding 5.7 parts of 1 acetyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine MP 181.3°C. 

A mixture of 4,4 parts of 1-chloro-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propano and 16 parts of isopropylamine is heated in a sealed vessel at 70° B0°C for 10 hours. The vessel is cooled and to the contents there are added 50 parts of water. The mixture is acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid, and washed with 50 parts of ether. The aqueous phase Is decolorized with carbon, and then added to 50 parts of 2N sodium hydroxide solution at 0°C, The mixture is filtered. The solid residue is washed with water, dried, and crystallized from cyclohexane. There is thus obtained 1-isopropylamino-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol, MP 96°C. 

Coke A solid residue from cracking operations, mostly carbon but with a small amount of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons... 

In the design of preceramic polymers, achievement of the desired elemental composition in the ceramic obtained from them (SiC and Si3N4 in the present cases) is a major problem. For instance, in the case of polymers aimed at the production of SiC on pyrolysis, it is more usual than not to obtain solid residues after pyrolysis which, in addition to SiC, contain an excess either of free carbon or free silicon. In order to get close to the desired elemental composition, two approaches have been found useful in our research (1) The use of two comonomers in the appropriate ratio in preparation of the polymer, and (2) the use of chemical or physical combinations of two different polymers in the appropriate ratio. 

Calcinating a mineral removes its volatile components, such as water or carbon dioxide and leaves an usually crumbly solid residue. Calcinated secondary minerals such as limestone are the basic components of building cements, and in extractive metallurgy operations they facilitate the smelting of metals. Calcinating limestone (composed of calcium carbonate), for example, drives away carbon dioxide, leaving a solid, friable residue of quicklime (composed of calcium oxide) ... 

TNT reacts vigorously with sodium carbonate, in presence of water at 100°C and above. The solid residue resulting ignites on contact with strong acid. 

The reaction mixture is filtered through a sintered-glass funnel in a dry atmosphere such as may be maintained in a dry-box. The insoluble material is washed with 200 ml. of toluene. The washings and the filtrate are taken to dryness by distillation under reduced pressure at about 90 to 100°. The solid residue is recrystallized twice from dry carbon tetrachloride and then dried in high vacuum at 50 to 100° for a period of 6 hours. The yield of sym-N,2V7,N",N -tetra,-t-butyl-B,B, B",2 " -tetra-chloroperhydrotetrazatetraborocine is 96 g. (60%). 

PCDD/PCDFs are found not only in stack gases but also in solid residues from any combustion process such as bottom ash, slag and fly ash. With advanced technology and better burnout of the ashes and slag (characterized by a low content of organic carbon), PCDD/PCDFs concentrations have declined (Fiedler, 1999). 

Coal Char Coal char is, generically, the nonagglomerated, non-fusible residue from the thermal treatment of coal however, it is more specifically the solid residue from low- or medium-temperature carbonization processes. Char is used as a fuel or a carbon source. Chars have compositions intermediate between those of coal and coke the volatile matter, sulfur content, and heating values of the chars are lower, and the ash content is higher, than those of the original coal. 

Pyrolysis In pyrolysis, coal is heated in the absence of oxygen to drive off volatile components, leaving behind a solid residue enriched in carbon and known as char or coke. Most coal pyrolysis operations are for the purpose of producing metallurgical coke, with the liquids... 

Products of Combustion For lean mixtures, the products of combustion (POC) of a sulfur-free fuel consist of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, and possible small amounts of carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbon species. Figure 24-10 shows the effect of fuel-air ratio on the flue gas composition resulting from the combustion of natural gas. In the case of solid and liquid fuels, the POC may also include solid residues containing ash and unbumed carbon particles. 

The chemical weathering of crustal rock was discussed in Chapter 14 from the perspective of clay mineral formation. It was shown that acid attack of igneous silicates produces dissolved ions and a weathered solid residue, called a clay mineral. Examples of these weathering reactions were shown in Table 14.1 using CO2 + H2O as the acid (carbonic acid). Other minerals that undergo terrestrial weathering include the evaporites, biogenic carbonates, and sulfides. Their contributions to the major ion content of river water are shown in Table 21.1. 

Dibenzotellurophene Tellurium powder (6 g, 47 mmol) and dibenzothiophene S.S -diox-ide (8 g, 37 mmol) are mixed thoroughly, the mixture is carefully heated under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide until evolution of sulphur dioxide commences, and the temperature is then regulated to achieve a steady evolution of sulphur dioxide. From time to time the sublimed dibenzothiophene dioxide is melted and allowed to flow back into the reaction mixture. After 36 h, the mixture is cooled to 20°C and extracted with boiling acetone. The extract is evaporated to dryness, the solid residue is washed several times with cold ethanol, and the washings are collected and evaporated. The residue is steam distilled and the product is recrystallized from light petroleum ether. Yield 1.0 g (10%) m.p. 93°C. 

---