Carbonate in soil

U. Schenk, R. Manderschied, J. Hugen, and H.-J. Weigel, Effects of CO, enrichment and intraspecific competition on biomass partitioning, nitrogen content and microbial biomass carbon in soil of perennial ryegrass and white clover, J. Exp. Bot. 46 987 (1995). 

In addition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is also an important soil solution solute affecting speciation and bioavailability of many trace elements in soil solution. Many trace elements and heavy metals complex with dissolved organic carbon. This is especially important in arid and semi-arid environments since high soil pH increases the solubility of organic molecules and accordingly increases concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in soil solution. 

Fig. 3. Soil inventory of carbon in soil organic matter (SOM) (a), A14C of SOM (b), noncrystalline minerals (c), and crystalline minerals (d) versus age of soil substrate. Filled circles, total profiles filled triangle, surface (O and A) horizons (Tom et al. 1997).

Sahrawat K. L. 2003. Importance of inorganic carbon in sequestering carbon in soils of the dry regions, CURRENT SCIENCE, 84, (7), 10 April. 

Schumacher, B.A. 2002. Methods for the determination of total organic carbon in soils and sediments. US EPA Report, NCEA-C-1282, EMASC-001. 

Kuntz-Duriseti K (2004) Evaluating the economic value of the precautionary principle using cost benefit analysis to place a value on precaution. Environ Sci Policy 7 291-301 Lai R, Follett RF, Kimble J, Cole CV (1999) Managing US cropland to sequester carbon in soil. 

The sequestration of carbon in soil has a considerable influence on the GHG balance of biofuels. Although the GHG balance of the production and utilisation of energy crops is approximately zero, except for some additional C02 equivalents mainly caused by the N fertilisation and the consumption of fossil energy (see Chapters 7 through 9), the storage or the release of carbon in soil may disturb this balance. 

Coleman K, Jenkinson DS (1996) RothC-26.3 a model for the turnover of carbon in soil. In Powlson DS, Smith P, smith PJU (eds) Evaluation of soil organic matter models using existing long-term datasets, vol 38. NATO ASI Series I, pp 237-246 Collins HP, Blevins RL, Bundy LG, Christenson DR, Dick WA, Huggins DR, Paul EA (1999) Soil carbon dynamics in corn-based agroecosystems results from carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63 584-591... 

Although these reservoirs may be highly contaminated with PCDD/PCDFs, the chemical and physical properties of these compounds imply that dioxins and furans will stay adsorbed to organic carbon in soils or other particles. On the other hand, mobilization can occur in the presence of lipophilic solvents (leaching into deeper layers of soils and/or groundwater) or in cases of erosion or run-off from topsoil (translocation into the neighbourhood). Experience has shown that transport of PCDD/PCDFs due to soil erosion and run-off does not play a major role in environmental contamination and human exposure (Fiedler 1995, 1999). 

Carbon in soil and plant materials can be determined by wet- and dry-combustion methods [7, 8]. In both instances, soil and plant carbon is converted into carbon dioxide, absorbed in alkali and determined either by titration against a standard acid or by weighing. These methods involve large apparatus, are expensive and time consuming, and therefore cannot be adapted to the routine analysis of a large number of samples. 

Dalai [16] has described a wet digestion procedure for the determination of total carbon in soils. The digestion apparatus consisted of a McCartney... 

Charles and Simmons [18] have reviewed methods for determining total, inorganic and organic carbon in soils and sediments, particularly limitations and sources of error associated with dry combustion and wet oxidation techniques. Preferred methods, for greater quantitative... 

Groundwater. Alachlor has a high potential to leach to groundwater due to its weak capacity to adsorb onto organic carbon in soil (U.S. EPA, 1986). 

Allison, L.E. (1960) Wet combustion apparatus and procedure for organic and inorganic carbon in soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 24, 36 0. 

Tinsley, J. (1950) Determination of organic carbon in soils by dichromate mixtures. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Soil Science, Vol. 1, 161. 

Collins [7] has described a gasometric method for the determination of carbonate in soil based on reaction with hydrochloric acid and subsequent measurement of the volume of carbon dioxide produced. This is also the basis of a standard HMSO method for the determination of carbonate in soils [8] (Fig. 6.2). 

Figure 6.2. Gasometric method for the determination of carbonate in soil. From [7]...

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1973) The Analysis of Agricultural Materials - Carbonate in Soil, Method 15, Technical Bulletin 27, HMSO, London, UK. 

Kaiser, K., M. Kaupenjohann, and W. Zech. 2001. Sorption of dissolved organic carbon in soils Effects of soil sample storage, soil-to-solution ratio, and temperature. Geoderma 99 317-328. 

Malcolm, R. K. 1993. Concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon in soils, streams and groundwaters. In Organic Substances in Soil and Water Natural Constituents and Their Influence on Contaminant Behavior. (A. J. Beck, K. C. Jones, M. H. B. Hayes, and U. Mingelgrin, eds.), pp. 19—30, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 

Yano, Y., W. H. McDowell, and N. E. Kinner. 1998. Quantification of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in soil solution with flow-through bioreactors. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62 1556-1564. 

Glaser, B., Haumaier, L., Guggenberger, G., and Zech, W. (1998). Black carbon in soils The use of benzenecarboxyhc acids as specific markers. Org. Geochem. 29,811-819. 

Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. (1998). Black carbon in soils, sediments, and ice cores. In Environmental Analysis and Remediation, Meyers, R. A., ed., John Wiley Sons, Toronto, pp. 813-823. 

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