Carbon solubility pump

Solubility pump The transport of carbon into the deep sea via physical processes associated with gas solubility and water circulation. 

Toggweiler J. R., Gnanadesikan A., Carson S., Mumane R., and Sarmiento J. L. (2003) Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs 1. Solubility pump. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1026, doi 10.1029/2001GB001401. 

Two additional processes besides carbon chemistry keep the atmospheric CO2 lower than it otherwise would be. One process is referred to as the solubility pump and the other as the biological pump. The solubility pump is based on the fact that CO2 is more soluble in cold waters. In the ocean, CO2 is —2 times more soluble in the cold mid-depth and deep waters than it is in the warm surface waters near the equator. Because sinking of cold surface waters in Arctic and Antarctic regions forms these mid-depth and deep waters, the formation of these waters with high CO2 keeps the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere lower than the average concentration of surface waters. 

The Solubility Pump, Oceanic Circuiation, and Carbon Redistribution... 

The solubility pump is defined as the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean as mediated by physical processes such as heat flux, advection and diffusion, and ocean circulation. It assists in the transfer of atmospheric GO2 to the deep ocean. This transfer is controlled by circulation patterns of the surface ocean (wind-driven... 

Follows MJ, Williams RG, and Marshall JC (1996) The solubility pump of carbon in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Research 54 605-630. 

Direct connection main storage tank/feeding pump/dosing pump Sodium carbonate solubility in water... 

A) Extract the mixture with about 40 ml. of chloroform, in which the free base is very soluble. Run off the lower chloroform layer, dry it with potassium carbonate as in (a), and then add carbon tetrachloride slowly with stirring to the filtered chloroform solution until the base starts to crystallise out. Allow to stand for a short time (t.e., until the deposition of crystals ceases) and then filter at the pump as the crystals lose the last trace of solvent, they tend as before to break up into a fine powder, the deep green colour becoming paler in consequence. 

Saccharic acid. Use the filtrate A) from the above oxidation of lactose or, alternatively, employ the product obtained by evaporating 10 g. of glucose with 100 ml. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1 15, until a syrupy residue remains and then dissolving in 30 ml. of water. Exactly neutralise at the boiling point with a concentrated solution of potassium carbonate, acidify with acetic acid, and concentrate again to a thick syrup. Upon the addition of 50 per cent, acetic acid, acid potassium saccharate sepa rates out. Filter at the pump and recrystaUise from a small quantity of hot water to remove the attendant oxahc acid. It is necessary to isolate the saccharic acid as the acid potassium salt since the acid is very soluble in water. The purity may be confirmed by conversion into the silver salt (Section 111,103) and determination of the silver content by ignition. 

Dissolve 5 g. of finely-powdered diazoaminobenzene (Section IV,81) in 12-15 g. of aniline in a small flask and add 2-5 g. of finely-powdered aniline hydrochloride (1). Warm the mixture, with frequent shaking, on a water bath at 40-45° for 1 hour. Allow the reaction mixture to stand for 30 minutes. Then add 15 ml. of glacial acetic acid diluted with an equal volume of water stir or shake the mixture in order to remove the excess of anihne in the form of its soluble acetate. Allow the mixture to stand, with frequent shaking, for 15 minutes filter the amino-azobenzene at the pump, wash with a little water, and dry upon filter paper Recrystallise the crude p-amino-azobenzene (3-5 g. m.p. 120°) from 15-20 ml. of carbon tetrachloride to obtain the pure compound, m.p. 125°. Alternatively, the compound may be recrystaUised from dilute alcohol, to which a few drops of concentrated ammonia solution have been added. 

Water from cooling tower pump suction, pH 8.6-8.8, pressure 20-30 psi (140-210 kPa), flow 2-5 ft/s (0.2 to 1.5 m/s). Dispersant, 1-3 ppm tolyltriazole, sodium hypochlorite 2 hr/day to 0.8 free residual chlorine 0.6-0.8 ppm total zinc and 0.1-0.2 ppm soluble zinc. Free chlorine maintained at 1 ppm for 5 consecutive days/month during the summer. Chemical treatment started after 2 years of no treatment. Water conductivity -612 ( imhos/cm), turbidity 27 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units), chloride 110 ppm, sulfate 50 ppm, carbonate alkalinity (CaCOa) 27 ppm, bicarbonate alkalinity (CaCOs) 118 ppm... 

The most commonly used remediation technique for the recovery of organic contaminants from ground water has been pump- and-treat, which recovers contaminants dissolved in the aqueous phase. In this regard, the application of carbon adsorption has found extensive, but not exclusive use. Vacuum extraction (also called soil venting) has also become popular for removal of volatile organic contaminants from the unsaturated zone in the gaseous phase. Both of these techniques can, in the initial remediation phase, rapidly recover contaminants at concentrations approximately equal to the solubility limit (pump-and-treat), or the maximum gas phase concentration of the contaminant (vacuum extraction). The... 

Calcium carbonate requires an acidic medium for solubility ° H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors... 

Because this pump is driven by physical processes associated with gas solubility and water circulation, it is termed the solubility or gas exchange pump. The efficiency of this carbon pump is controlled by three fectors (1) the physical movement of seawater,... 

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