Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

Zou S, Gomes R, Weaver MJ. 1999. Infrared spectroscopy of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide on palladium(lll) in aqueous solution unexpected adlayer structural differences between electrochemical and ultrahigh-vacuum interfaces. J Electroanal Chem 474 155-166. 

Infrared spectroscopy can be used to obtain a great deal of information about zeolitic materials. As mentioned earlier, analysis of the resulting absorbance bands can be used to get information about the structure of the zeolite and other functional groups present due to the synthesis and subsequent treatments. In addition, infrared spectroscopy can be combined with adsorption of weak acid and base probe molecules to obtain information about the acidity and basicity of the material. Other probe molecules such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide can be used to get information about the oxidation state, dispersion and location of metals on metal-loaded zeolites. 

The time-series analysis results of Merz et were expressed in first-order empirical formulas for the most part. Forecasting expressions were developed for total oxidant, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbon. Fitting correlation coefficients varied from 0.547 to 0.659. As might be expected, the best results were obtained for the primary pollutants carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and the lowest correlation was for oxidant. This model relates one pollutant to another, but does not relate emission to air quality. For primary pollutants, the model expresses the concentrations as a function of time. 

Experiments carried out in the U.S.S.R. have shown that the content of carbon monoxide and nitric oxides in the products of an explosion is influenced by the medium in which the explosion takes place. The quantity of carbon monoxide and nitric oxides is higher with shotfiring in coal and lower in copper and iron ore seams. The figures given by Assonov and Rossi are summarized in Table 100. 

Cyanide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide are powerful trans directors, while hydroxide and water are very poor. 

The processes going on inside this ceramic catalytic converter include the reactions shown in the insert. Fragments of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide molecules are converted to less noxious substances, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, by reactions at the surface of the catalyst. 

Another important application of heterogeneous catalysts is in automobile catalytic converters. Despite much work on engine design and fuel composition, automotive exhaust emissions contain air pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. Carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and nitric oxide is produced when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine at the high temperatures present in an... 

This indicates that the amount of carbon dioxide formed by this experiment coincided with the amounts of both carbon monoxide and nitric oxide consumed. Thus the use of carbon monoxide reduced the consumption of carbon to approximately zero and the char provided catalytic surfaces for nitric oxide reduction by carbon monoxide as ... 

Over AU/AI2O3 the reaction between carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is severely inhibited by oxygen, and this unfortunately militates against the promise of its use for three-way conversion at low temperature. Nevertheless the effectiveness of a gold-containing catalyst developed at the Anglo-American Research Laboratories in South Africa has been demonstrated (Figure 11.3).42 It consisted of 1% Au/CoOx in admixture with... 

Hartsfield, C.L. (2002). Cross talk between carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Antoxid. Redox Signal. 4 301-7. 

Liu, Y., Christou, H., Morita, T., Laughner, E., Semenza, G.L., Kourembanas, S. (1998). Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide suppress the hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial grovrth factor gene via the 5 enhancer. J. Biol. Chem. 273 15257-62. 

Vedernikov, Y.P., Graser, T., Vanin, A.F. (1989). Similar endothelium-independent arterial relaxation by carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 48 601-3. 

A number of model systems have attempted to reproduee the anomalous IR spectra of [FeNi]-hydrogenases. Initial efforts focussed on cyanide, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide complexes as these ligands are known to absorb in this portion of the infrared spectrum [69],... 

An example of an adsorption-limited reaction is the synthesis of ammonia the reaction of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is an example of a sm-face-limited reaction. The synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen,... 

Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation by carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Implications for oxygen sensing and signaling. J Biol Chem 274 9038-9044. 

Shi Y, Pan F, Li H, et al Role of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in newborn infants with postasphyxial hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 106 1447-1451,2000... 

Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide were measured by nondispersive infrared analysis (NDIR), propylene by flame ionization detection (FID),... 

Table VI. Propylene, Carbon Monoxide, and Nitric Oxide Conversions and Ammonia Formation within the Oxygen Window...

The ferrous heme within Mb and Hb forms stable complexes with at least two other gaseous diatomic molecules, namely, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Since both CO and NO are produced naturally in the body," it is important for Mb/Hb to distinguish these two molecules from each other and from O2. How does Mb/Hb discriminate three molecules of such similar size and polarity Attempts to answer this question have occupied a number of investigators for many years, and several reviews on this topic are available. 

Figure 9.2 Schematic plot of the concentration of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide emissions in automobile engine exhaust as a function of the air fuel ratio. The three-way catalyst (TWC) ensures removal of all these emissions only if the air fuel ratio is stoichiometric.

Most of the carbonyls can be prepared by the direct combination of the metal with carbon monoxide. It is necessary that the metal be in a very active state as when freshly reduced from the oxide or a salt of the metal. While finely divided, freshly reduced nickel combines readily with carbon monoxide at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (synthesis 75) other metals require more elevated temperatures (up to 400 ) and very high pressures (up to 700 atm.). Cobalt nitrosyl tricarbonyl is produced when specially prepared cobalt is treated with a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. 

Both pigments combine reversibly with oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide to form bright red oxyhemo (or myo) globin, carbon monoxide hemo (or myo) globin, and nitric oxide hemo (or myo) globin, respectively. In all of these compounds the iron remains in the ferrous... 

Weaver MJ (1999) Binding sites and vibrational frequencies for dilute carbon monoxide and nitric oxide adlayers in electrochemical versus ultrahigh-vacuum environments the roles of double-layer solvation. Surf Sci 437 215-230... 

In Section V.D a theory based on the results of Section III.D is proposed in order to explain the anomalous relative vapor pressures of isotopic carbon monoxides and nitric oxides. 

---