Carbon Japan

Thus Nicolon (Nippon Carbon, Japan) is reported to be homogeneously composed of ultra-fine beta-SiC crystallites and an amorphous mixture of silicon, carbon, and oxygen. The fibre is available as continuous filament, chopped fibre, woven cloth (three weaves available), and nonwoven felt each having 14 pm diameter fibres/fila-ments present. 

Nicalon S (Nippon Carbon, Japan) or Tyranno SA3 (Ube, Japan) tows [7] (Table 1). The tows were coated with either Pyrocarbon (150 nm thick) or a (PyC/SiC)s multilayer. The (PyC/SiC) multilayer interphase contained 5 layers of PyC alternating with SiC layers (30 nm thick each). A few minicomposites were heat treated, with a view to ordering microstructure. They are identified by prefix T (Table 2). 

Graphitized mesophase carbon Japan 2,943,287 (Sept. 1990) Kawagoe, Ogino Bridgistone... 

Additives for Gr vinylene carbonate Japan 3059832 (1992/7/27) M. Fujimoto, M. Takahashi, A. Nishio Sanyo... 

Miaterial The materials used in this study were obtained by glass encapsulated HIPing (as developed by ASEA Cerama, Robertsfors, Sweden) of slip cast or pressed green bodies. Japanese SiC-whiskers (Tokawhisker. Tokai Carbon, Japan) and commercial AI2O3 powder (A16SG, Alcoa, USA) were used. The processing (24) (25) and some mechanical... 

The field of fullerene chemistry expanded in an unexpected direction in 1991 when Sumio lijima of the NEC Fundamental Research Laboratories in Japan discovered fibrous carbon clusters in one of his fullerene preparations This led within a short time to substances of the type portrayed in Figure 11 7 called single-walled nanotubes The best way to think about this material IS as a stretched fullerene Take a molecule of Ceo cut it in half and place a cylindrical tube of fused six membered carbon rings between the two halves... 

The commercialization by Kureha Chemical Co. of Japan of a new, highly attrition-resistant, activated-carbon adsorbent as Beaded Activated Carbon (BAC) allowed development of a process employing fluidized-bed adsorption and moving-bed desorption for removal of volatile organic carbon compounds from air. The process has been marketed as GASTAK in Japan and as PURASIV HR (91) in the United States, and is now marketed as SOLD ACS by Daikin Industries, Ltd. 

Early demand for chlorine centered on textile bleaching, and chlorine generated through the electrolytic decomposition of salt (NaCl) sufficed. Sodium hydroxide was produced by the lime—soda reaction, using sodium carbonate readily available from the Solvay process. Increased demand for chlorine for PVC manufacture led to the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide as coproducts. Solution mining of salt and the avadabiHty of asbestos resulted in the dominance of the diaphragm process in North America, whereas soHd salt and mercury avadabiHty led to the dominance of the mercury process in Europe. Japan imported its salt in soHd form and, until the development of the membrane process, also favored the mercury ceU for production. 

The estimated capacity of formamide was approximately 100,000 t/yr worldwide in 1990. In 1993, there are only three significant producers BASE in Germany is the leading manufacturer. Smaller quantities of formamide are produced in the former Czechoslovakia (Sokolov) and Japan (Nitto) by direct synthesis from carbon monoxide and ammonia. Most of the formamide produced is utilized direcdy by the manufacturers. The market price for formamide (ca 1993) is about 2.00/kg. 

For brines having very low iodide concentrations, ie, in some facilities in Japan and in the former USSR, the activated carbon method of recovery is used. This method consists of a process involving the treating of the acidified brine with sodium nitrite in large tanks, where the following reaction takes place ... 

A few companies, eg, Enichem in Italy, Mitsubishi in Japan, and a plant under constmction at Eushun in China, separate the olefins from the paraffins to recover high purity (95—96%) linear internal olefins (LIO) for use in the production of oxo-alcohols and, in one case, in the production of polylinear internal olefins (PIO) for use in synthetic lubricants (syn lubes). In contrast, the UOP Olex process is used for the separation of olefins from paraffins in the Hquid phase over a wide carbon range. 

Nitric acid oxidation is used where carbohydrates, ethylene glycol, and propylene are the starting materials. The diaLkyl oxalate process is the newest, where diaLkyl oxalate is synthesized from carbon monoxide and alcohol, then hydrolyzed to oxahc acid. This process has been developed by UBE Industries in Japan as a CO coupling technology in the course of exploring C-1 chemistry. 

The sodium formate process is comprised of six steps (/) the manufacture of sodium formate from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide, (2) manufacture of sodium oxalate by thermal dehydrogenation of sodium formate at 360°C, (J) manufacture of calcium oxalate (slurry), (4) recovery of sodium hydroxide, (5) decomposition of calcium oxalate where gypsum is produced as a by-product, and (6) purification of cmde oxahc acid. This process is no longer economical in the leading industrial countries. UBE Industries (Japan), for instance, once employed this process, but has been operating the newest diaLkyl oxalate process since 1978. The sodium formate process is, however, still used in China. 

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co. in Japan produces pyromellitic dianhydtide in the same unit used for trimellitic anhydtide production (105). This process starts with pseudocumene, which is first carbonylated with carbon monoxide in the presence of boron trifluotide and hydrogen fluotide to form 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde. The Hquid-phase oxidation of the trimethylbenzaldehyde to pyromellitic acid and subsequent processing steps ate much the same as described for the Mitsubishi Gas Chemical process in the trimellitic acid section. The production of pyromellitic anhydtide is in conjunction with a joint venture agreement with Du Pont. 

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Uses. The United States and Japan account for about three quarters of the world demand for strontium carbonate, ca 150,000 t/yr. In 1993,... 

The demand for electrode binder pitch has grown as aluminium output has expanded and the requirement for aluminium smelting is now between 1.5 and 2 x 10 t /yr. In Japan pitch is used for mixing with coal for carbonization in coke ovens to make metallurgical coke. 

Pitch Coke. The manufacture of pitch coke provides a large toimage oudet for coke-oven pitch in Japan, the CIS and, until more recently, Germany (75,76). Pitch coke is used either alone or mixed with petroleum coke as the carbon component of electrodes, carbon bmshes, and shaped carbon and graphite articles. 

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