Carbon inductively coupled plasma

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

Popov, C., Zambov, L. M., Plass, M. R, and Kulisch, W., Optical, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nitrogen-rich Carbon Nitride Films Deposited by Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition," Thin Solid Films, Vol. 377-378,2000, pp. 156-162. 

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Gussone N, Eisenhauer A, Heuser A, Dietzel M, Bock B, Bohm E, Spero H, Lea D, Buma J, Nagler, TF (2003) Model for kinetic effects on calcium isotope fractionation (6 Ca) in inorganic aragonite and cultured planktonic foraminifera. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67 1375-1382 Halicz L, Galy A, Belshaw NS, O Nions RK (1999) High precision measurement of calcium isotopes in carbonates and related materials by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). J Anal Atom Spectr 14 1835-1838... 

To refine potential Olivella source zones to more specific sections of the coastline, we have employed two different archaeometric techniques, including determination of elemental composition by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the use of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes using an isotope ratio-mass spectrometer (IR-MS) (38). Each of these techniques is described below, and the final section evaluates and compares their utility in sourcing Olivella shell beads. 

Elements determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, anions by ion chromatography, and carbon by total carbon analyzer. 

Stefansson, A., I. Gunnarsson, and N. Giroud. 2007. New methods for the direct determination of dissolved inorganic, organic and total carbon in natural waters by reagent-free ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 582 69-74. 

Nebulisation is inefficient and therefore not appropriate for very small liquid samples. Introducing samples into the plasma in liquid form reduces the potential sensitivity because the analyte flux is limited by the amount of solvent that the plasma will tolerate. To circumvent these problems a variety of thermal and electrothermal vaporisation devices have been investigated. Two basic approaches are in use. The first involves indirect vaporisation of the sample in an electrothermal vaporiser, eg a carbon rod or tube furnace or heated metal filament as commonly used in atomic absorption spectrometry [41-43], The second involves inserting the sample into the base of the inductively coupled plasma on a carbon rod or metal filament support [44,45], Instrumentation is available from Perkin-Elmer, Thermoelectron, Phillips, Baird and Spectroanalytical Ltd. 

Hartshome, J. A. Speciation by Carbon Phase Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry and Studies of Aerosol Formation and Characteristics, M. S. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1996. 

A. Krushevska, R. M. Barnes, C. J. Amarasiriwaradena, H. Fomer, L. Martines., Determination of the residual carbon content by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after decomposition of biological samples, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 7 (1992), 845-850. 

M. M. Castineira, P. Burba, N. Jakubowski, J. Andersson, Size fractionation of nonvolatile dissolved organic compounds and metal species in German white wines by combining on-line tangential-flow multistage ultrafiltration, a home-built carbon analyzer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376 (2003), 174-181. 

E. H. Larsen, S. Stiirup, Carbon-enhanced inductively coupled plasma mass spectro-metric detection of arsenic and selenium and its application to arsenic speciation, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 9 (1994), 1099-1105. 

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