Carbon disulfide Carcinogens

Sulfur Compounds. Ethylene thiourea [96-45-7] a suspected human carcinogen, is prepared by reaction of carbon disulfide [75-15-0] CS[) in aqueous EDA (47). 

Chronic exposure of animals for periods less than 1 year has not shown a carcinogenic potential for carbon disulfide. Furthermore, epidemiological studies do not support a carcinogenic risk under moderate exposure conditions. ... 

The use of EDB was finally discontinued in 1984 (ref. 28). Three more grain fumigants used as EDB substitutes were removed in 1985 (ref. 29a) carbon tetrachloride (CCl ), carbon disulfide and ethylene dichloride. Remaining stocks of these msy not be used after June 30. 1986 and all food residue exemptions are to be revoked by that date. All four of the organohalides discussed are classified as carcinogens by the EPA, based on NCI findings (refs. 29b,d). 

The fungicides Maneb and Zineb are dithiocarbamates of low acute toxicity but with troublesome contaminant and degradation problems from ethylene thiourea, a carcinogen. The neurotoxic metabolite, carbon disulfide, is another potential hazard of their use. 

Note Confirmed human carcinogen Nonpolar, aromatic solvent sweet odor very flammable and toxic confirmed human carcinogen soluble in alcohols, hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic), ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, slightly soluble in water incompatible with some strong acids and oxidants, chlorine trifluoride (zinc in the presence of steam) decomposes at high temperature to form biphenyl. Synonyms cyclohexatriene, benzin, benzol, phenylhydride. These are the most common, although these are many other synonyms. 

Carbon tetrachloride is colorless, heavy, non-flammable liquid with a characteristic odor. It has a boiling point of 78 Celsius, and a melting point of -23 Celsius. Carbon tetrachloride is insoluble in water, but miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, and carbon disulfide. Carbon tetrachloride is a potential poison, and inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption should be avoided at all cost. Carbon tetrachloride may be a carcinogen. It is prepared on an industrial scale by the chlorination of methane, but can be conveniently prepared by reacting chlorine with carbon disulfide in the presence of iron fillings the carbon tetrachloride is recovered by distillation. 

Carbon disulfide and cancer The U.S. EPA and lARC have not classified carbon disulfide as a human carcinogen. ... 

No information was identified on the chronic reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of carbonyl sulfide in animals. Flowever, carbonyl sulfide is the oxidation product of carbon disulfide, which has been shown by the National Institute of Flealth to be positive in the strain A mouse lung tumor bioassay. Significant increases in the incidence (tumor-bearing mouse) and frequency (tumors per mouse of lung adenomas) was observed in A/J mice. 

Estimates of exposure levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels or MRLs) have been made for carbon disulfide. An MRL is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects (noncarcinogenic) over a specified duration of exposure. MRLs are derived when reliable and sufficient data exist to identify the target organ(s) of effect or the most sensitive health effect(s) for a specific duration within a given route of exposure. MRLs are based on noncancerous health effects only and do not consider carcinogenic effects. MRLs can be derived for acute, intermediate, and chronic duration exposures for inhalation and oral routes. Appropriate methodology does not exist to develop MRLs for dermal exposure. 

Cancer. There are no definitive data in humans or animals that indicate a carcinogenic potential for carbon disulfide. In the absence of positive genotoxic data, increased cancer risk does not appear to be an effect of exposure to carbon disulfide. 

There are human data on inhalation exposure of carbon disulfide that provide information on acute and chronic systemic effects. There are also data on immunologic, neurologic, developmental, and reproductive effects. There are some limited data on the carcinogenic potential of carbon disulfide, but these are preliminary and confounded by multiple exposure problems. There are no oral exposure datafrom humans and only limited information on dermal exposures. The dermal data address the occupational hazard of blister formation following accidental exposure. 

Incompatible with strong oxidizers acids, water (slowly decomposes, forming amine and carbon disulfide). Reaction with nitrosating compounds (i.e., nitrogen oxides, nitrosyl chloride, nitrite esters, metal nitrates and nitroso compounds, etc.) can cause the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethylamine. 

Definition Refined fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Sesamum indicum Properties Bland yish. oily llq., pract. odorless, bland taste si. sol. in alcohol misc. with ether, chloroform, hexane, carbon disulfide negligible sol. in water dens. 0.916-0.921 vapor pressure very low iodine no. 103-116 sapon. no. 188-195 flash pt. 491 F ref. index 1.4575-1.4598 (60 C) Toxicology LD50 (IP, mouse) > 50 g/kg, (IV, rabbit) 678 pglkg poison by IV route primary irritant human skin irritant may cause allergic reactions, primarily contact dermatitis questionable carcinogen experimental tumorigen TSCA listed Precaution Combustible exposed to heat or flame... 

Methanol + xylene + toluene constitute over half (52.6%) of all released and transferred solvents by the analyzed industries. This is in fact good news because neither of the five most frequently released and transferred solvents is considered to have carcinogenic effect. But four (methanol, xylene, ethylene glycol, and toluene) contribute to the pollution of lower atmosphere and xylene and toluene cause formation of ozone in lower atmosphere by which it may affect the respiratory system. Carbon disulfide causes formation of hydroxyl radicals which have relatively long half-life (a few days) and thus participate in a variety of photochemical processes. All five solvents are relatively easy to biodegrade. 

The time between exposure to a chemical and onset of toxic effects varies depending on the chemical and the exposure. For example, the toxic effects of carbon monoxide, sodium cyanide, and carbon disulfide are evident within minutes. For many chemicals, the toxic effect is most severe between one and a few days after exposure. However, some chemicals produce "delayed" toxicity in fact, the neurotoxicity produced by some chemicals is not observed until a few weeks after exposure. The most delayed toxic effect produced by chemicals is cancer in humans, it usually takes 10 to 30 years between exposure to a known human carcinogen and the detection of a tumor. 

Chronic exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon disulfide may cause the central nervous system effects described above. In addition, chronic overexposure to carbon disulfide causes increased atherosclerosis, leading to risk of cardiovascular disease. Prolonged exposure of female workers to low concentrations of carbon disulfide has been associated with birth defects in offspring exposure limit values provide little margin of safety for risk of developmental effects. Carbon disulfide has not been found to be a carcinogen in humans. 

Carcinogens Organ toxicants Neurotoxicants Ethylene oxide, Cr(IV), vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, arsenic, benzidine Hg, ethanol, beryUium, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, arsenic Methylmercury, carbon disulfide, hexane, acrylamide, lead, nicotine, arsenic... 

HC 3 > 10 to <50 ppm or > 1 to <5 mg/m or A3 carcinogens Acetonitrile, adipic acid, carbon disulfide, cumene, dibutylphtheilate, dichloromethane, n-hexane, nitromethane... 

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