Carbon chemical symbol

Carbon, chemical symbol C, has six protons and six electrons. Two electrons fill the inner K energy shell, and there are four electrons in its outer L shell. Since this is exactly halfway to the number eight, which would fill the outer shell, carbon has little tendency to gain or lose electrons. Instead, carbon usually combines by sharing electrons with two, three, or four other atoms. 

Figure 5.13 shows the way in which the molecules are visualised, their chemical symbol, and the names of the first three members of the series. The carbon atom has four bonds that can join with either one or more carbon atoms (a unique-property) or with atoms of other elements, such as hydrogen. Hydrogen has only one bond, and can therefore join with only one other atom. 

Carbon, a common element in the outer crust of the earth, and the main component of all biological and organic substances, occurs in three isotopic forms carbon-12 or C-12 for short (whose chemical symbol is 12C), carbon-13 or C-13 (13C), and carbon-14 or C-14 (14C) (see Fig. 8 and Table 66). 

Two of these isotopes, carbon-12, the most abundant, and carbon-13 are stable. Carbon-14, on the other hand, is an unstable radioactive isotope, also known as radiocarbon, which decays by the beta decay process a beta particle is emitted from the decaying atomic nucleus and the carbon-14 atom is transformed into an isotope of another element, nitrogen-14, N-14 for short (chemical symbol 14N), the most common isotope of nitrogen ... 

The sum of the number of protons plus number of neutrons in the isotope is called the mass number of the isotope. Isotopes are usually distinguished from each other by their mass numbers, given as a superscript before the chemical symbol for the element. Carbon-twelve is an isotope of carbon with a symbol l2C. 

Lead (m.p. 328 °C, density 11.4g/cm3) has been used for thousands of years, and its chemical symbol is taken from its Latin name, plumbum. Some lead is found uncombined, but most is found as the sulfide, galena, from which it is obtained by roasting the ore to produce the oxide and then reducing the oxide with carbon. 

Since each line connecting two chemical symbols represents 2 electrons being shared in a bond, we can see that each carbon atom seems to share 4 pairs of electrons with its neighbors. An oxygen atom seems to share 2 pairs of electrons and a hydrogen atom only shares 1 pair of electrons with its neighbor. 

Carbon - the atomic number is 6 and the chemical symbol is C. The name derives from the Latin carbo for charcoal . It was known in prehistoric times in the form of charcoal and soot. In 1797, the English chemist Smithson Tennant proved that diamond is pure carbon. 

All elements are assigned a one- or two-letter chemical symbol, which is used in writing out chemical formulas and reactions. The names and symbols for some of the elements commonly found in living things are carbon, C oxygen, O hydrogen, H nitrogen, N phosphorus, P and sulfur, S. 

The old Romans actually knew nine of the substances we call elements today. They called them, of course, by their Latin names (the same we use today in chemical symbols) carbo (carbon—C), sulfur (S), aurtim (gold — Au), argentum (silver —... 

Step 2 Write the chemical symbols of the atoms to show their layout in the molecule. We can predict the most likely arrangements of atoms by using common patterns and the clues given earlier. For example, carbon has a lower ionization energy than nitrogen, so the HCN molecule is written (with the electron pairs parked on the right) ... 

The empirical formulas in this column are given in the customary way, with carbon first, hydrogen second, and then the other elements in the alphabetical order of their chemical symbols. Deuterated compounds appear immediately after the corresponding protonated ones. 

The chemical symbol for an element—H, C, O, etc.—is used to designate that element. Molecular substances consist of independent molecules containing two or more atoms bound together. A molecular formula specifies the identity and number of the atoms in the molecule. For instance, the formula for carbon dioxide is C02, one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. The molecular mass of C02 is Ar(C) + 2Ar(0) = 12.0107 + 2 x... 

Each element is made up of very small entities called atoms all atoms of the same element behave identically chemically. The study of chemistry, therefore, can logically begin with elements and the atoms of which they are composed. Each element is designated by an atomic number, a name, and a chemical symbol, such as carbon, C potassium, K (for its Latin name kalium) or cadmium, Cd. Each element has a characteristic atomic mass (atomic weight), which is the average mass of all atoms of the element. 

Through the use of chemical symbols and numerical subscripts, the formula of a compound can be written. The simplest formula that may be written is the empirical formula. In this formula, the subscripts are in the form of the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a molecule or of the ions in a formula unit. The molecular formula, however, represents the actual number of atoms in a molecule. For example, although CH20 represents the empirical formula of the sugar, glucose, C6H1206, represents the molecular formula. For water, H20, and carbon dioxide, C02, the empirical and the molecular formulas are the same. Ionic compounds are generally written as empirical formulas only for example, common table salt is NaCl. 

Chemical elements, like hydrogen and helium, are determined solely by their numbers of nuclear protons. This quantity is called the atomic number. For example, hydrogen (H) has one proton, helium (He) has 2, carbon (C) has 6, and nitrogen (N) has 7. The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus is that atom s atomic mass, written as a superscript before the chemical symbol. Ordinary helium, helium-4, has two neutrons and two protons. Ordinary carbon is carbon-12, but there are also carbon-13 and carbon-14 isotopes, which have additional neutrons. Ordinary beryllium is beryllium-9. The first formula might be symbolized by a diagram in which black circles are neutrons and unfilled circles are protons. Bob draws the diagram ... 

Like many elements, sodium s chemical symbol seems to bear no relation to its name. In such cases the symbol often derives from the Latin if the Roman Empire used one of its minerals, as in this case natrium, or metal of soda , which was in turn coined from natron, a naturally occurring hydrous sodium carbonate mineral. The name sodium also came from the Latin sodanum, a headache remedy. 

For convenience, each element is given a chemical symbol that acts as a chemical shorthand in talking and writing about it and its reactions. The symbol always comprises one or two letters the first letter is a capital, which may correspond to the initial letter of the element s name Mg = magnesium, Ca = calcium, C = carbon, O = oxygen, H = hydrogen, S = sulphur, He = helium. Some chemical symbols are less obvious because they are derived from Latin names for the elements Pb = lead (plumbum), Fe = iron (ferrum), Na = sodium (natrium), K = potassium (kalium). 

Two or more vertices within a defined small space indicate the location of an atom in the structure (see Figure 4.9c). Atoms are numbered, and the neighborhood relationship among them is kept. Any atom with only a single neighbor is considered a possible terminal atom. A linear projection of its previous bond up to a distance similar to the length of that bond is made (see Figure 4.9d). If no on-pixels are encountered, the atom is considered a default carbon atom in the structure. Otherwise, the contour determination process is done over the newly found on-pixel. In this way, the detected chemical symbols are submitted to the OCR module. 

A nuclear species (nuclide) is characterized by its atomic number Z (that is, the nuclear charge in units of e, or the number of protons in the nucleus) and its mass number A (the sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus). We denote an atom that contains such a nuclide with the symbol zX, where X is the chemical symbol for the element. The atomic number Z is sometimes omitted because it is implied by the chemical symbol for the element. Thus, JH (or H) is a hydrogen atom and (or C) is a carbon atom with a nucleus that contains six protons and six neutrons. Isotopes are nuclides of the same chemical species (that is, they have the same Z), but with different mass numbers A, and therefore different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. The nuclear species of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, represented by JH, jH, and jH, respectively, are all members of the family of isotopes that belong to the element hydrogen. 

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