Carbon capture, Chapter

Carbon capture and storage technology is the most promising technology to significantly decrease C02 emissions. Nevertheless, it may be possible to use C02 as a raw material for other industrial uses. In this chapter, authors explain both ways to decrease C02 emissions. 

In this chapter, authors review the carbon capture, storage technology (including the C02 transport through pipeline), and C02 utilisation technologies. 

In this chapter the mineralization of carbon dioxide (C02) is addressed, from the viewpoints of (i) valuable inorganic carbonate material production and (ii) large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS). Analogies with the natural weathering of rock and the material resources are discussed, followed by a summary of the state-of-the-art of carbonate production for the two different viewpoints mentioned. 

Another carbon-capturing invention is to convert the captured C02 into methanol. If this process matures by the time the solar-hydrogen demonstration power plant described in this book is built, and if there is a C02 source near the plant, I will incorporate it as a subsection of the plant that is described in Chapter 4 of this book. 

In this chapter on chemically modified fullerenes, I will discuss only a few representative molecules which incorporate fullerenes, and focus attention on the best-characterized compounds. A comprehensive review of chemical reactions with fullerenes has just been published by Taylor and Walton.[Ta93] It is not appropriate here to attempt a synthesis of the emerging field of the chemical properties of the fullerenes. Covered elsewhere in this book are ioni-cally bonded fullerides, such as the superconductor KsCeo (Chapter IV) and endohedral complexes, in which various atoms are captured inside the hollow carbon shell (Chapter VI). 

These routes are connected with carbon capture with subsequent sequestration. Another approach is to avoid the production of CO2 emissions altogether through increased industrial energy efficiency and thus a lower energy consumption. The topic of this chapter, oxygen production, is related to the last two points. In the first three routes mentioned above, three different methods can be used for the separation of CO2 and the other gases absorption in solvents, separation by membranes and adsorption or absorption on or in a sorbent. 

Scenario b) seems to be very optimistic - it results in a constant CO2 mixing ratio of 465 ppm after 2050. It is more likely that carbon capture and sequestration/ storage (CCS) technology (Chapter 2.8.4) becomes important only after 2030 and will capture a maximum of 50 % of the fossil fuel-released CO2. It is also unlikely that the yearly consumption of fossil fuels will be more reduced before 2050 because of the increasing alternative energy source percentage of the total energy consumption. Hence, in 2050 a value of around 500 ppm CO2 seems more likely. 

T vo carbon-capture processes have been studied in this chapter. Both use a two-column absorber/stripper flowsheet. The low-pressure amine system presents more problems in dynamic simulation than does the high-pressure physical absorption system. The plantwide control structures that are effective for the two systems are quite sunilar. 

Since the synthesis gas is at high pressure and has a high concentration of carbon dioxide, a physical solvent can be used to capture carbon dioxide (Chapter 23), which is desorbed from the solvent by pressure reduction and the solvent is recycled into the systan. 

Carbon capture and storage or carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies are in the forefront of measures for use of coal as a clean fuel. A number of means exist to capture carbon dioxide from gas streams (Chapter 23), and the focus in the past has often been on obtaining pure carbon dioxide for industrial purposes rather than reducing carbon dioxide levels in power plant emissions. 

In Chapter 10 a deeper analysis related to the integration of inorganic membranes in IGCC and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) plants for power or hydrogen production is presented. To avoid a lack of information, in this chapter the investigation related to the integration of polymeric membranes to separate H2-CO2 gas mixtures produced in an IGCC power plant is also considered. 

The ecu concept is based on carbon capture and utilization through, which COj molecules end up as industrially useful chemical molecules. This option can build on current post combustion technologies to offset the cost of additional CO capture plant investment or even make the process profitable. There are thus good aiguments for investing in CCU alongside CCS. This chapter indentifies the potential CCU options. 

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