Carbon black modification

Approximately 50—55% of the product from a coal-tar refinery is pitch and another 30% is creosote. The remaining 15—20% is the chemical oil, about half of which is naphthalene. Creosote is used as a feedstock for production of carbon black and as a wood preservative. Because of modifications to modem coking processes, tar acids such as phenol and cresyUc acids are contained in coal tar in lower quantity than in the past. To achieve economies of scale, these tar acids are removed from cmde coal tar with a caustic wash and sent to a central processing plant where materials from a number of refiners are combined for recovery. 

Carbon black is also used as a pigment for paints and printing inks, as a nucleation agent in weather modifications, and as a solar energy absorber. About 70% of the worlds consumption of carbon black is used in the production of tires and tire products. Approximately 20% goes into other products such as footwear, belts, hoses, etc. and the rest is used in such items as paints, printing ink, etc. The world capacity of carbon black was approximately 17 billion pounds in 1998. U.S. projected consumption for the year 2003 is approximately 3.9 billion pounds. 

Modification of the burning rates, pressure exponents, and temp coefficients of burning rate of the fluorocarbon composites has been accomplished with copper, lead, tin, sodium, ammonium and potassium fluoborates sodium, potassium, lithium, lead, copper and calcium fluorides potassium and ammonium dichromate lead and zinc stearate cesium carbonate potassium and ammonium sulfate copper chromite oxides of magnesium, copper and manganese boron zinc dust and carbon black (Ref 75)... 

Biopolymers have diverse roles to play in the advancement of green nanotechnology. Nanosized derivatives of polysaccharides like starch and cellulose can be synthesized in bulk and can be used for the development of bionanocomposites. They can be promising substitutes of environment pollutant carbon black for reinforcement of rubbers even at higher loadings (upto SOphr) via commercially viable process. The combined effect of size reduction and organic modification improves filler-matrix adhesion and in turn the performance of polysaccharides. The study opens up a new and green alternative for reinforcement of rubbers. 

Using synthesized diallylsilazanes modification of the properties of some important industrial polymer composites based on phenolformaldehide resins has been carried out. Preliminary investigations showed that synthesized polymers in combination with phenolformaldehyde resins were successfully used as binding-components for polymer/graphite and polymer/carbon black electro-conducting composites. 

In the case of electrode B the oonductlve carbon black was used with the purpose to Influence the cathodic protection period. The modification C was made with zinc phosphate to Influence the second step In protective action of zinc pigmented coatings. 

Since carbon black and amorphous silica tend to form clusters of spheres (grasping effect), an additional modification of the Einstein equation was made to account for the nonspherical shape or aspect ratio (L/D). This factor (/) is equal to the ratio of length (L) to diameter (D) of the nonspherical particles (/= L/D). 

The catalysts (lead and copper salts of aromatic acid in combination with carbon black) which were effective for DB and RDX-CMDB propellants were also found effective for dinitropiperazine (DNP) containing CMDB propellants [259]. Copper chromite (CC) and ferric oxide which are generally used for ballistic modification of composite propellants are also effective for CL-20-based aluminized CMDB propellants. However, CC is a better BRM [260]. 

Akovali and Ulkem [33] reported the surface modification of carbon black by plasma polymerization of styrene and butadiene. The effect of such plasma-coated carbon black was studied in a SBR matrix. A slight increase in the tensile strength was observed for the plasma-polymerized styrene-coated carbon black. This was explained by a decrease in the interfacial tension, as the result of the similarities between the treated filler and the matrix at the interface. They also concluded that the plasma coating obtained on carbon black is so thin that no blockage of the pores occurred and that there was no decrease in the original absorptive capacity. 

Later, Kang et al. [35] reported surface modification of carbon black using various monomers like acetylene, acrylic acid, butadiene, and oxygen. They concluded that it is possible to manipulate the surface properties of carbon black using plasma polymerization. 

For the surface modification of silica and carbon black, a radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) electrode-less tumbler plasma reactor at the University of Cincinnati was used. The schematic reactor design is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of a Pyrex cylinder chamber of 40 cm in length and 20 cm in diameter, with a motor-driven shaft at its center, and two vanes running in opposite directions. The reactor is based on a horizontal mixing principle and is capable of treating 350 g per batch. The powdery materials to be coated are placed at the bottom of the chamber. The plasma... 

Discussion - Some surface modification does take place on all carbon black samples. On the other hand, in the case of the oxidized gas black, its larger oxygen functionality clearly increases its capability to be modified. The case of carbon/ silica dual-phase fillers is similar. The TGA data show that the higher silica content... 

Kang YC, van Ooij WJ (2006) RF plasma polymerization for surface modification of carbon black rubber filler. ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Cincinnati, 2006. ACS, Akron, Ohio,... 

Mathew T (2008) Surface modification of carbon black by plasma polymerization. Enschede, The Netherlands, Ph.D. thesis. ISBN 978-90-365-2724-8... 

The carbon black leaving the beading machine contains ca. 50 wt% water. It is dried in dryer drums, indirectly heated by burning tail gas. Dryer drums with a capacity of 2000 kg of carbon black per hour are 15-20 m long and 2-3 m in diameter. They are rotated at 5-15 rpm. Drying temperatures, generally between 150 and 250 °C, allow further modification of the carbon black properties. 

Nylons require modification or stabilization to improve their resistance to certain environmental effects. Unstabilized nylon is degraded by ultraviolet light. The most widely used stabilizer has been approximately 2% well-dispersed carbon black, which has proved effective in the absorption of ultraviolet light. The nylons are considered adequate for outdoor applications if they are not exposed to direct sun-hght,... 

---