Modification of Carbon Blacks

Akovali and Ulkem [33] reported the surface modification of carbon black by plasma polymerization of styrene and butadiene. The effect of such plasma-coated carbon black was studied in a SBR matrix. A slight increase in the tensile strength was observed for the plasma-polymerized styrene-coated carbon black. This was explained by a decrease in the interfacial tension, as the result of the similarities between the treated filler and the matrix at the interface. They also concluded that the plasma coating obtained on carbon black is so thin that no blockage of the pores occurred and that there was no decrease in the original absorptive capacity. 

Later, Kang et al. [35] reported surface modification of carbon black using various monomers like acetylene, acrylic acid, butadiene, and oxygen. They concluded that it is possible to manipulate the surface properties of carbon black using plasma polymerization. 

Kang YC, van Ooij WJ (2006) RF plasma polymerization for surface modification of carbon black rubber filler. ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Cincinnati, 2006. ACS, Akron, Ohio,... 

Mathew T (2008) Surface modification of carbon black by plasma polymerization. Enschede, The Netherlands, Ph.D. thesis. ISBN 978-90-365-2724-8... 

The oldest method for the modification of carbon black surface chemistry is oxidation. Common oxidants include air, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and persulfates. Each reagent produces a mixture of oxygen functional groups on the surface, with the distribution depending on the oxidant. Materials that disperse in water can be produced with sufficient oxidation, and hypochlorites and persulfates have been used to make water dispersible carbon blacks for inkjet inks. 

Bergemann K, Fanghanel F, Knackfuss B, Liithge T, Schukat G. (2004) Modification of carbon black properties by reaction with maleic acid derivatives. Carbon 42 2338-2340. 

Kinoshita and co-workers studied the presence of redox couples after modification of carbon black surfaces [190]. Cyclic voltammograms of carbon blacks after heating at high temperatures and oxidation treatments showed clear evidence of the presence of redox couples on the carbon black surface. After heat treatment, the voltammogram of the carbon black surface showed no evidence for oxidation or reduction peaks. However, after oxidation, an increase in both the anodic and cathodic currents was observed (Fig. 9). 

P. P. Kundu andT. R. Kukreja, Surface modification of carbon black by vegetable oil - Its effect on the rheometric, hardness, abrasion, rebound resilience, tensile, tear, and adhesion properties , /App/ Polym Sci, 2002,84,256-60. 

Tricas, N Agullo, N Borros S. Surface Modification of Carbon Black by Plasma Techniques on the Vulcanization Reaction. Kaut. Gummi Kunstst., 2009, vol. 62, JV23, 282-289. 

Modification of Carbon Black and Other Carbon Materials... 

For Instance In the case of the surface modification of carbon black and carbon fibers. It could be established by means of labeled benz-... 

Adsorptiou ou the carbon black surface depends mainly on the geometry of the adsorbate molecules aud their polarizability. Thus, graphitized carbon black is an ideal adsorbent for separation of isomers of similar physical properties but of different geometrical structures, because of its surface homogeneity [18]. Chemical modification of carbon black, on the other hand, enhances specific adsorption affinity by virtue of the presence of different functional groups on its surface [17,19]. 

FIGURE 3.67 Modification of carbon black by heating a carboxylate diazonium. (Adapted from LebSgue, E. et al. Electrochem. Comm. 34, 2013 14-17.)... 

Mechanical modification of carbon black-reinforced and unfilled styrene rubber (SKS 30ARM) vulcanizates by poly(methyl methacrylate) has been... 

Han H, Lee J, Park D, Shim S. Surface modification of carbon black by oleic acid for miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. Macromol Res 2010 18(5) 435-41. 

Smith RDL, Pickup PG (2009) Voltammetric quantification of the spontaneous chemical modification of carbon black by diazonium coupling. Electrochim Acta 54 2305-2311... 

Carbon black is another type of inexpensive material with excellent bulk properties. However, it possesses surface properties that are incompatible with many other materials. Consequently, a suspension of carbon black in a matrix material is often unstable. Modification of carbon black surface via SI-ATRP has been reported by Matyjaszewski s group [186]. The dispersibility of the modified carbon black was significantly improved. In addition, various other functional groups have also been successfully introduced onto the surface. 

A. Vidal, S.Z. Hao, J.B. Donnet. Modification of carbon black surfaces—effects on elastomer reinforcement. Kautsch. Gummi. Kunstst., 54,159-165,2001. 

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