Carbon-black composite resistivity

Fig. 8.18 Typical temperature dependence of resistivity in a carbon-black composite exhibiting switching behaviour.

Severin, E. J. Lewis, N. S., Relationships among resonant frequency changes on a coated quartz crystal microbalance, thickness changes, and resistance responses of polymer-carbon black composite chemiresistors, Analytical Chemistry 2000, 72, 2008-2015. 

J.S. Leng, W.M. Huang, X. Lan, Y.J. Liu, S.Y. Du, Significantly reducing electrical resistivity by forming conductive Ni chains in a polyurethane shape-memory polymer/ carbon-black composite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 204101 (2008)... 

As Balberg notes in a review The electrical data were explained for many years within the framework of interparticle tunneling conduction and/or the framework of classical percolation theory. However, these two basic ingredients for the understanding of the system are not compatible with each other conceptually, and their simple combination does not provide an explanation for the diversity of experimental results [17]. He proposes a model to explain the apparent dependence of percolation threshold critical resistivity exponent on structure of various carbon black composites. This model is testable against predictions of electrical noise spectra for various formulations of CB in polymers and gives a satisfactory fit [16]. 

It should be said that at present this method is used mostly for deposition of polymer-based materials. However, sensors with acceptable parameters fabricated using inkjet printing of carbon black composites (De Girolamo Del Mauro et al. 2011), carbon nanotubes (Kim et al. 2009), graphene (Dua et al. 2010), and metal oxide gas-sensing layers, such as Cr TuOj (Peter et al. 2011), WO3 (Kukkola et al. 2012), SnO (Lee et al. 2007a), and In Oj (Pashchanka et al. 2012) are presented. These layers were incorporated in resistive (Kim et al. 2009 Crowley et al. 2010), cantilever (Bietsch et al. 2004), optical (O Toole et al. 2009), and FET-based (Maklin et al. 2008) gas sensors. Examples of different types of inkjet-printed resistive gas sensors are listed in Table 28.5. 

Leng, J. S., Huang, W. M., Lan, X., Liu, Y. J., Du, S. Y. (2008c), Significantly reducing electrical resistivity by forming conductive NI chains in a polyurethane shape-memory polymer/carbon-black composite,Phys. Lett., 92,204101-3. 

The concept of co-continuous polymer blends with carbon black preferentially located in one of the continuous polymer phases or at the polymer-blend interface has been studied for more than a decade with an aim to reduce the percolation threshold. Examples of this kind are the work by Geuskens et al. in as early as 1987 [31], which shows that for the same carbon loading, the resistivity of the co-continuous polymer/rubber blends is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the single polymer/carbon black composites. Recent works on polymer/elastomer combinations [32,33] and on polymer/polymer systems [34- 1] have also shown that the... 

Manocha L M, Valand J and Manocha S (2007) Development of composites incorporating carbon iianofibers and iiaiiotubes, J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7 1845-1850. Traiiia M, Pegoretti A and Penati A (2007) Time-temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of high density polyethylene - carbon black composites, J Appl Polym Sci 106 2065-2074. 

Any review devoted to conducting composites would be incomplete if the application fields of such composites were not described even if briefly. One of the first, if not the foremost, examples of the utilization of the CPCM is antistatic materials [1], For the materials of this kind resistivity q of less than 106 to 108 Ohm cm is not required, and this is achieved by introducing small amounts (several per cent) of a conducting filler, say, carbon black [4],... 

Electroconductive resin compositions, which are useful for packaging electronic devices, have been described. In general, electroconductive resin compositions are made up from a thermoplastic resin and an electroconductive filler, mostly carbon black. Polyphenylene ether) resins are known to impart heat resistance. For general purposes, a poly(styrene) (PS) resin and an ABS resin are superior to other resins in that even if carbon black is incorporated in a large amount, there will be no substantial decrease in the flowability or... 

---