Carbon anodic behavior

The anodic behavior of carbon materials, such as acetylene black, activated carbon, and vapor-grown carbon fiber, in LiC104/PC solution was studied by Yamamoto et al. [102]. Irreversible reactions, including gas evolution and disintegration, were mainly observed on that part of the surface occupied by the edge planes of the... 

Endo M, Nishimura Y, Takahashi T, Takeuchi K, Dresselhaus MS. Lithium storage behavior for various kinds of carbon anodes in Li ion secondary battery. J Phys Chem Solids 1996 57 725-728. 

Coal and its derivative products are used in a range of nonenergy applications such as the production of carbon anodes for the aluminum industry, graphite electrodes for the steel industry, and as a component for a number of other carbon-based materials and chemicals. Because coal is a heterogeneous material that is made of up organic and inorganic components, it must be characterized before it is used, to understand its properties, determine its quality, and predict its technological behavior. 

Tasaka A (2007) Anodic behavior and anode performance of nickel, nickel-based composite and carbon electrodes for electrochemical fluorination in a few molten fluorides. Electrochemistry 75(12) 934—944... 

Tasaka A, Yamanaka (Miki) M, Morimoto E, Nagamine S, Mimoto A, Fujikawa T, Abe M, Kobayashi A, Takebayashi H, Tojo T, Inaba M (2006) Anodic behavior of LiF-impregnated carbon and surface analysis of pristine carbon (FE-5) electrode polarized at various potentials in dehydrated melts of NH4F KF mFfF (M = 3 and 4). J New Mat Electrochem Syst 9 297... 

Vedernikov, G. and Vetyukov, M. (1966) Investigation of the relationship between the oxidizability and electrochemical behavior of an carbon anode in aluminium electrolysis, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zav. Tsvetn. Metall., 9(6), 63. 

Carbon deposition Nickel is weak against carbon deposition even in the intermediate-temperature region. There is an apparent effect of the oxide mixing on the carbon deposition behavior among various cermet anodes. Figure 2.6 depicts the different features of patterned Ni on YSZ or SDC without any electrochemical reactions under an atmosphere that is thermodynamically favorable to carbon deposition [28]. Surface species on nickel were detected by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), indicating that these are... 

It should be noted that the study of noble metal electrodes in nonaqueous Li salt solutions is even more relevant to the understanding of the behavior of lithiated carbon anodes because, in the latter case, the carbon electrodes that are initially nearly surface film-free, are also polarized from OCV ( 3 V ra. IA/lU, see also Figure 2) to low potentials in the course of Li intercalation, and surface films are gradually formed on the carbon electrode as it reaches lower potentials. Hence, the order of surface reactions may be similar to that described in Figure 2, except for the Li under potential deposition and stripping processes, which are irrelevant to carbon electrodes (into which lithium is inserted at potentials higher than that of Li deposition). 

Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast growing consumer eleetronies applieation of lithium-ion batteries. The principles of operation of a lithium-ion battery and the mechanism of Li insertion are reviewed. The influence of the structure of carbon materials on anode performance is described. An extensive study of the behavior of various carbons as anodes in Li-ion batteries is reported. Carbons used in commereial Li-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. 

Sucessful application of the air electrode requires solving some key problems the air electrode catalyst, the alkaline electrolyte carbonization, the oxygen reaction with anode materials, an influence of an air humidity on an electrode behavior. 

The raw material for the synthesis was methane. Powder of Nickel carbonyl (NC) or powder of nano-diamond (ND) was the catalyst. Attempts to synthesize pyro-carbon on copper powder were not successful. Powder with the composition 70%PC, 30%NC, and also the set of powders with various ratios of PC and ND were tested. Anodes made of the powder 70PC30NC showed satisfactory cycle behavior and had specific capacity 180 mAh/(g of powder) (260 mA-h/(g 0f carbon)) (Fig. 3a). The anodes made of powder xPCyND, irrespective of the components ratio, had specific capacity... 

There are a number of informative reviews on anodes for SOFCs [1-5], providing details on processing, fabrication, characterization, and electrochemical behavior of anode materials, especially the nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) cermet anodes. There are also several reviews dedicated to specific topics such as oxide anode materials [6], carbon-tolerant anode materials [7-9], sulfur-tolerant anode materials [10], and the redox cycling behavior of Ni-YSZ cermet anodes [11], In this chapter, we do not attempt to offer a comprehensive survey of the literature on SOFC anode research instead, we focus primarily on some critical issues in the preparation and testing of SOFC anodes, including the processing-property relationships that are well accepted in the SOFC community as well as some apparently contradictory observations reported in the literature. We will also briefly review some recent advancement in the development of alternative anode materials for improved tolerance to sulfur poisoning and carbon deposition. 

The utility of the electrode to promote bond formation between functional groups of the same polarity provides researchers with an opportunity to explore the chemistry of interesting intermediates, and synthetic strategies that are based on their intermediacy [1,2], Reduction at a cathode, or oxidation at an anode, renders electron-poor sites rich, and electron-rich sites, poor. For example, the reduction of an a, 8-unsaturated ketone leads to a radical anion in which the -carbon possesses nucleophilic, rather than electrophilic character. Similarly, oxidation of an enol ether affords a radical cation wherein the -carbon displays electrophilic, rather than its usual nucleophilic behavior [3]. 

Very similar to the case of LiC104, an SEI formed from LiAsFe-based electrolytes, either on a lithium or carbonaceous anode, mainly consists of alkyl carbonates or Li2COs rather than LiF, as one would expect from the behavior of its close structural brothers LiPFe or LiBF4. This can be attributed to the much less labile As—F bond that is resistive to hydrolysis. 

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