Electrolysis aluminium

Grjotheim, K., Krohn, C., Malinovsky, M., Matiaskovsky, K., and Thonstad, J., Aluminium Electrolysis—Fundamentals of the Hall-Herault process, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1982, 17. Palmear, I. J., in The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Downs, A. J., Ed., Blackie, London, 1993, 87. 

Grjotheim, K., Krohn, C., Malinovsky, M., Matiasovsky, K., and Thonstad, J., Aluminium Electrolysis—Fundamentals of the Hall-Heroult Process. Aluminium-Verlag GmbH, Dtisseldorf, 1982. 

K. Grjotheim, C. Krohn, M. Malinovsky, K. Matiasovsky, and J. Thonstad, Aluminium Electrolysis, Fundamentals of the Hall-Heroult Process, Aluminium-Verlag, Diisseldorf, 1982. 

The energy consumption in aluminium electrolysis, W, is calculated [226] as a function of the cell voltage, Vcell, and the current efficiency, x(x = CE/100), by the equation... 

Gijotheim K., Contribution to the Theory of the Aluminium Electrolysis, Det. Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1956, nr. 5, Trondheim. 

Thonstad J., Aluminium Electrolysis, Electrolyte and Electrochemistry in Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry, vol. 6, G. Mamantov et al., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, p. 73. 

This paper reports the mathematical modelling of electrochemical processes in the Soderberg aluminium electrolysis cell. We consider anode shape changes, variations of the potential distribution and formation of a gaseous layer under the anode surface. Evolution of the reactant concentrations is described by the system of diffusion-convection equations while the elliptic equation is solved for the Galvani potential. We compare its distribution with the C02 density and discuss the advantages of the finite volume method and the marker-and-cell approach for mathematical modelling of electrochemical reactions. 

Kuang Z., Thonstad, J., Current distribution in aluminium electrolysis cells with Soderberg anodes. Part I Experimental study and estimate of anode consumption. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 26, pp. 481-486, 1996. 

Provorova O.G., Kuzmin R.N., Savenkova N.P., Shobukhov A.V., Mathematical modelling of aluminium electrolysis. Proc. of the 9th Int. Conf on Boundary Value Problems and Mathematical Modelling, Novokuznetsk, 1, pp. 103-106, 2008. 

Sterten, A., Solli, P.A., Cathodic process and cyclic redox reactions in aluminium electrolysis cells. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 25, pp. 809-816, 1995. 

Thonstad, J., Fellner, P., Haarberg, G.M., Hives J., Kvande, H. Sterten, A. (2001) in Aluminium Electrolysis. Eundamentals of the Hall-Heroult Process 3rd Ed. Aluminium-Verlag, Diisseldorf, p. 230. 

H. Vogt, J. Thonstad Review of the causes of anode effects in aluminium electrolysis. Aluminium 79 (2003), pp. 98-102. 

A. Kisza, J. Kazmierczak, J. Ihonstad, T. Eidet, J. Hives, The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Electrode Reactions in Aluminium Electrolysis, in H. Wendt (Ed.), Molten Salt Forum 5, Trans Tech Publications LTD, New York, 1998, p. 263. 

Sorlie, M. and 0ye, H. A. Cathodes in Aluminium Electrolysis, 2nd ed., Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1994. 

Hall in the U nited States, and HEroult in France both developed the aluminium electrolysis process. The simultaneous nature of these discoveries did entail a certain degree of poiemics, but what is even more unsettling Is the fact that both men were bom the same year and also died the same year. Would they now be together in Heaven with beautiful, gleaming aluminium wings ... 

In terms of scale of production (around 2x10 ton yr V worldwide) aluminium electrolysis is second in importance only to the chlor-alkali industry. This is because aluminium is both light and strong and therefore suitable for many engineering and construction applications, may readily and cheaply be treated by anodizing (see Chapter 7) to retard corrosion and is the principal alternative to copper as a conductor of electricity. Moreover, the known reserves of aluminium ores are relatively high. 

Boiko OI, Delimarskii YK, Tchemov RV (1985) Ukrainian Chem J 51 385-388 Gtjotheim K, Krohn C, Malinovsky M, Matiasovsky K, Thonstad J (1977) Aluminium electrolysis the chemistry of the Hall-Heroult process. Aluminium Verlag, Dusseldorf Watanabe N, Fudjii Y, Yoshisawa S (1963) J Electrochem Soc Japan (Denki Kagaku) 31 131-135... 

Mashovets BP, Aleksandrov GN (1970) On the nature of anode effect. In French-Soviet symposium on the theory of aluminium electrolysis. Tsvetmetinformatsija, Moscow, pp 138-149. 

Ceramics consisting of BN and TiB2 or ZrB2 show electric conductivity and are used in the evaporation of aluminium and as refractory joint sections for continuous casting [15 to 20]. If used as cathode material in aluminium electrolysis, sodium penetration at the grain boundaries has been observed [21]. Titanium alloys containing a-BN may be used as composite materials for prosthetics [22]. 

J. Thonstad, P. Fellner, G.M. Haarberg, J. Hives, H. Kvande, A. Sterten Aluminium Electrolysis - Fundamentals of the Hall-H eroult Process, 3rd edn. (Aluminium Verlag, Diisseldorf 2001)... 

Gerard, G. (ed.) (1963) Extractive Metallurgy of Aluminium. VoL 1. Alumina. Interscience, New York. Grojotheim, K. Krohn, C. MALINOVSKY, M. Matiasovsky, K. ThonstaDT, J. (1982) Aluminium Electrolysis. 

Thonstad J, Fellner P, Haarberg GM, Hives J, Kvande H, Sterten A (2001) Aluminium electrolysis. Fundamentals of the Hall-Heroult process. Alumin-ium-Verlag, Diisseldorf... 

Haugland E, Haarberg GM, Thisted E, Thonstad J (2001) The behaviour of phosphorus impurities in aluminium electrolysis cells. Light Met 2001 549... 

In the last two decades the world production of rare earth has increased remarkably. However, compared to the modem aluminium electrolysis Heroult-Hall cell, the electricity energy consumption for rare earth electrolysis is still very high due to the low current efficiency (<80%) and very high cell voltage (>10V). Therefore, reducing the energy consumption for rare earth... 

Picard, D., D Amours, G., et al. (2008). "Constitutive laws of carboneous materials of aluminium electrolysis cell Current knowledge and future developanent." Light Metals 2008 987-992. 

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