Carbazole test

Chen et al. reported efficient photosensitization of onium salts by various compounds containing a carbazole nucleus. Both diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts are photosensitized by sueh eompounds. Thus, the polymer of N-vinylcarbazole was found by them to be an excellent electron-transfer photosensitizer for various onium salts. They also found that poly(9-vinylcarbazole) yields similar results. Poly(2-vinyl carbazole) turned out to be the most efficient photosensitizer among various polymers with carbazole tested. In addition, Chen et al., concluded that the redox photosensitization by the carbazole molecule or its N-alkylated derivatives occurs predominantly from the singlet excited states. On the other hand, the carbazole derivatives with carbonyl substituents sensitize onium salts via triplet excited states. This follows... 

Colour Reactions. Rochelmeyer (1939) has provided a list of colour reactions given by solasodine and solasodiene (solanosodine), with reagents usually applied to the sterols, and Briggs et al. have found that when concentrated sulphuric acid (1 mil) is carefully added to a solution of solasonine or solasodine in hot alcohol (1 mil) a characteristic, intense, greenish-yellow fluorescence is produced, a reaction which is not given by solanine or solanidine. They have also found that intense colours are formed when solasonine or solasodine is mixed with resorcinol, or one of a variety of aldehydes, and boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Colours are also produced with this test by cholesterol, digitonin, jacobine carbazole, pyrrole, or nicotine, the most intense colours being formed with p-hydroxybenzaldehyde or anisaldehyde. 

The Nitrogen Availability Assay [376] consists of growth tests under defined conditions using mineral salts medium and organonitrogen compounds as sources of carbon and/or nitrogen. Probe molecules include quinoline, pyridine, carbazole, and porphyrin. Growth tests are performed using six conditions ... 

In 2001, Greger et al. isolated the stress-induced carbazole phytoalexins carbalexin A (57), B (58), and C (59) from the leaves of Glycosmis parviflora. These carbazole alkaloids showed strong antifungal activity in bioautographic tests on TLC plates with Cladosporium herbarum (86). 

In addition to these carbazole alkaloids, isomers of glycozoline and giiinimbine were tested against various microbes and found to be active against S. aureus (446). Some aminoacyl carbazoles were found to be active against B. subtilis (ICC-Strain) and B. cereus (NRRL-B-569) (447). 

The tubingensins A (379) and B (380) showed activity against the widespread crop pest Heliothis zea, and display in vitro anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 with IC50 values of 8 and 9 pg/mL, respectively (346) (see Scheme 2.100). Some bis-basic ethers of carbazoles are anti-viral. When tested against Encephala myocarditis viral infection, several N-ethyl substituted bis-basic carbazoles of the general formula 490 were shown to be active (448) (Scheme 4.9). 

Apart from diphenylamine a number of other organic bases were tested for use as stabilizers. Some of them, e.g. aniline, were used only temporarily, chiefly during World War I when diphenylamine was in short supply. The basic properties of aniline are too marked and this is detrimental to stability. On the other hand, relatively good results have been obtained with carbazole which resembles diphenylamine in its structure ... 

Marqueyrol [74] reported experiments carried out in France over a period of 15 years to compare the efficiency of various stabilizers. The results are shown in Table 175. In addition to amyl alcohol and diphenylamine, the action of N-nitrosodiphenyl-amine (diphenylnitrosamine), carbazole, diphenylbenzamide, nitronaphthalene and naphthalene was also tested. The powder was stored at temperatures of 40, 60 or 75°C. The experiments were stopped when the powder showed signs of intense decomposition, giving off nitric oxides. This was also manifested by a sudden fall pf the nitrogen content in nitrocellulose isolated from the samples. 

Dalbert (Ref 18) examined the stabilizing action of DPhA in Poudre B (see Vol 2 of Encycl, p B 1-L) and also made comparison (after storage for 16 months at 50°) of a doublebase proplnt stabilized with 8.75% Centralite with two other proplnts in which 2% of Centr was replaced with either DPhA or Carbazole. Results of tests showed that Centralite alone was a better stabilizer than its mixts with DPhA Crbz... 

Carbazole was tested for carcinogenicity in mice by administration in the diet, by skin application and by subcutaneous injection. In the study by oral administration, a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of liver neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas was observed. Papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach occurred in animals that received the highest dose. The other studies in mice were considered inadequate for evaluation (lARC, 1983). 

Carbazole, Analytical Procedures, Carbazole gives with isatin in coned sulfuric acid a blue coloration(Ref 1). As an indole derivative, it gives a positive "pine-splinter test (formation of a red color when a pine-splinter soaked in HCI soln is held in the vapor of an ale soln of carbazole)(Refs la, 2 8). Carbazole may also be identified by a bluish-green coloration produced when a trace of carbazole is dissolved in coned sulfuric acid and a drop of nitric acid is then added(Ref 8,p 72). Various other colorimetric tests for carbazole are known, such as described in Refs 1,1a,2,5 6 and Addnl Refs a,e,g,h m... 

Gurin and Hood88 have demonstrated that addition of a solution of carbazole to an ice-cold mixture of sulfuric acid and 2-desoxyribose results in the formation of an intense yellow color. This test, however, is not as suitable as the diphenylamine reaction for the detection and estimation of 2-desoxyribose. It is markedly unspecific since sulfuric... 

Figure 1. Test for carbazoles in the products as a function of time with unimpregnated carrier at 200flC. Product concentration relative to the feed. a Carbazole x Methyl carbazoles Dimethyl carbazoles Trimethyl carbazoles...

S.W. Wilson, JRNBS 52, 195-99(1954) CA 48, 11061(1954)(A photoelectric colorimeter for measuring the chromaticities of pyrotechnic smokes) 20)Snell ell 4(1954) [Colorimetric tests of various org compds including many expls and their primary materials, such as Carbazole(pp 314-15) Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (p 17) 2,4-Dinitroanisole(p 19) Dinitrobenzene (p 16) Dinitrocresol(p 19) Dinitronaphthalene (p 19) Dinitrophenol(p 13) 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol Cp 13) 2,4-DinitrotoIuene(p 18) Dinitroxylene ... 

Two types of composite films on the basis of ji-conjugated polymers, poly-(V-epo> propyl)carbazole (PEPC) and poly-(V-vinyl)carbazoIe (PVC), and metal nanoparticles have been fabricated. The sizes of nanoparticles depend on type of the polymer matrix. Complex testing of the obtained materials has shovwi that conductivity and optical effects are more evident in the case of PEPC films. 

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