Capital cost per kilowatt

In the unit price of electricity (Kk) derived in Section B.2, the dominant factors are the capital cost per kilowatt (CJW), which generally decreases inversely as the square root of the power (i.e. as the fuel price the overall efficiency tjq, the utilisation H hours per year) and to a lesser extent the operational and maintenance costs (OM). 

Today s biopower capacity is based on mature, direct-combustion boiler/steam turbine technology. The average size of biopower plants is 20 MW (the largest approach 100 MW) and the average efficiency from steam-turbine generators is 17 to 25 percent. The small plant sizes lead to higher capital cost per kilowatt-hour of power produced and the low electrical conversion efficiencies increase sensitivity to fluctuations in feedstock price.658... 

The capital costs per kilowatt installed depending on the different heating modes are presented in Table 19.4 (Dostie, 1992). Specifically for IR drying, the radiators are generally the main cost of a dryer. Table 19.4 also presents an... 

Equation (9-245) shows that in this particular case the fixed-capital cost per unit of input energy CpJW) must not exceed 160,000 (GJh" )" or 576 per kilowatt, to have a 1-year payback period if the heat pump is operational for 8000 h/year. For this case the corresponding value of y is about 0.12 for a heat pump with an operating life of 10 years purchased with money borrowed at a 10 percent rate of interest. 

Cost of Gasification-Based Power Systems In the U.S. power industry the capital cost is usually reported in dollars per kilowatt ( /kW) and the cost of electricity (COE) in mills per Idlowatt-hour (a mill is one thousandth of a dollar). Estimation of capital cost and COE... 

Economics Power-recoveiy units have no operating costs in essence, the energy is available free. Furthermore, there is no incremental capital cost for energy supply. Incremental installed energy-system costs for a steam-turbine driver and supply system amount to about 800 per kilowatt, and the incremental cost of an electric-motor driver plus supply system is about 80 per kilowatt. By contrast, even the highest-inlet-pressure, largest-flow power-recoveiy machines will seldom have an equipment cost of more than 140 per kilowatt, and costs frequently are as low as 64 per kilowatt. However, at bare driver costs (not including power supply) of 64 to 140 per kilowatt for the power-recovery driver versus about 30 to 80 per Idlowatt for... 

In that case, protests caused delays that contributed to large cost overruns. But Seabrook was an exception most nuclear utilities got into financial trouble with little help from protesters. Although oil prices rose dramatically in the 1970s—a spur to nuclear development—the stagflation of the times drove down demand for electricity from 7 percent to 2 percent per annum and drove up interest rates into the double digits. Between 1971 and 1978, nuclear capital costs rose 142 percent, making them more expensive to build per kilowatt-hour of capacity than new fossil fuel plants. 

Thermal power plant is more commonly associated with very large central power stations. The capital cost for thermal power plant, in terms of cost per installed kilowatt of electrical generating capacity, rises sharply for outputs of less than some 15 MW. It is for this reason that thermal power plant is not usually considered for industrial applications unless it is the combined cycle or combined heat and power modes. However, for cases where the fuel is of very low cost (for example, a waste product from a process such as wood waste), then the thermal power plant, depending on output, can offer an excellent choice, as its higher initial capital cost can be offset against lower running costs. This section introduces the thermal power cycle for electrical generation only. 

A small but growing photovoltaic industry now exists with worldwide sales between 300 million and 400 million. The United States and Japan account for 75% of worldwide sales, but European firms are increasingly active, with over 17% of the market [9]. Panel prices are about 5 per peak watt. With this capital cost and today s attendant equipment costs, electric power can be generated for between 30 and 40 cents per kilowatt-hour. 

Determine the reactor volume required for one reactor and that for two equal-sized reactors in series for 80 percent conversion of A. And if the capital cost of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor unit is given by 200,000(17/100)° 6 (where V is reactor volume in m3), the life is 20 years with no salvage value, and power costs 3 cents per kilowatt-hour, determine which system has the economic advantage. Assume that overhead, personnel, and other operating costs, except agitation, are constant. The operating year is 340 days. Each reactor is baffled (with a baffle width to tank diameter of 1/12) and equipped with an impeller whose diameter is one-third the tank diameter. The impeller is a six-bladed turbine having a width-to-diameter ratio of 1 /5. The impeller is located at one-third the liquid depth from the bottom. The tank liquid-depth-to-diameter ratio is unity. 

The capital cost of nuclear fission will have dropped significantly— especially compared with that of the then-dinosaur-technology coal-fired generation. (As one example, today the capital costs of Advanced Candu Reactors are in the range of 1000 per kilowatt [kW]—about the same as coal-fired plants.) But since the operating cost of a nuclear power plant will always be a small fraction of that for a coal-fired power plant, the energy currencies from nuclear plants will be lower. 

The cost of electric power will be the sum of the cost of Methyl Fuel at the mine-mouth conversion plant, plus the cost of its transportation, and its power generation with gas turbines. With all of the capital costs included, one very large (3000 MW) complex will be about 4.00 per kilowatt hour based on 1978 dollars, coal at 570/1,000,000 Btu at the Methyl Fuel plant, and about 4500 km of ocean transport. 

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