Cannon-Bowers

Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1996), Rromoting Team Effectiveness, in Handbook of Work Group Psychology, M. A. West, Ed., John Wiley Sons, New York, pp. 503-529. 

Teamwork simulation exercises are a third developing technology cited by Salas and Cannon-Bowers (1995). The intent of such simulations is to provide trainees with direct behavioral cues designed to trigger competent teamwork behaviors. Essential components of such simulations include detailed scenarios or exercises where specific teamwork learning objectives are operationalized and incorporated into training. 

Demonstration-based methods are performed, rather than presented, as are information-based methods. They offer students an opportunity to observe behaviors of experienced team members and thus of the behaviors expected of them. Such methods help to provide shared mental models among team members, as well as examples of how one is expected to handle oneself within complex, dynamic, and multifaceted situations (Salas and Cannon-Bowers 1995). 

Cannon-Bowers, J. A., and Salas, E. (1990), Cognitive Psychology and Team Training Shared Mental Models in Complex Systems, Paper presented at the 5th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, K. (Mituni). 

Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., and BUckensderfer, E. L. (1995), Team Performance and Training Research Emerging Prinriples, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 83, No. 2,... 

Serfaty, D., Entin, E., and Hohnston, J. H. (1998), Team Coordination Training, in J. A. Cannon-Bowers and E. Salas, Eds., Making Decisions under Stress Implications for Individual and Team Training, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 221-245. 

Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., Converse, S. (1993). Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In N. J. Castellan (Ed.), Individual and group decision making (pp. 221-246). NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale. 

Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E. (2005). Scaling the quality of teammates mental models Equifinality and normative comparisons. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(1), 37-56. 

Paris, C.R., Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J.A. (2000) Teamwork in multi-person systems A review and analysis. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1052-1075. 

Team competencies have been defined as what team members need to know, how they need to behave, and what attitudes they need to hold (Salas, 2005) and include all of the KSAs that are necessary for effective team performance. Salas and Cannon-Bowers (2001) defined team competencies as resources that team members draw... 

Most human factors practitioners now agree that team competencies can be decomposed into the KSAs required for efficient task performance for example, Cannon-Bowers, Tannenbuam, Salas, and Volpe (1995) suggested that teamwork competencies are comprised of three components ... 

Knowledge-based competencies refer to what team members think during teamwork performance. According to Salas and Cannon-Bowers (2001), knowledge-... 

Skill-based competencies refer to the things that team members do during teamwork performance and are the necessary behavioral sequences and procedures required during task performance (Salas and Cannon-Bowers, 2001). Examples of skill-based competencies include adaptability, situational awareness, communication, coordination, and decision making (Salas, 2005 Salas and Caimon-Bowers, 2001). 

Cannon-Bowers et al. (1995) outlined a core set of teamwoik skills that should be considered when designing CRM training programs adaptability, shared situational awareness, performance monitoring and feedback, leadership, interpersonal skills, coordination skills, communication, and decision making. 

Cannon-Bowers, J.A. and Salas, E. (2006). Team effectiveness and competencies. In W. Karwowski (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Eactors, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. (pp. 2379-2383). Boca Raton, EL Taylor Erancis. 

Cannon-Bowers, J.A., Tannenbaum, S.I., Salas, E., and Volpe, C.E. (1995). Defining competencies and establishing team training requirements. In R.A. Guzzo and E. Salas (Eds.), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations (pp. 333-380). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. 

Salas, E., Prince, C., Bowers, C.A., Stout, R.J., Oser, R.L., and Cannon-Bowers, J.A. (1999b). A methodology for enhancing crew resource management training. Human Factors, 41,... 

Smith-Jentsch, K.A., Baker, D.P., Salas, E., and Cannon-Bowers, J.A. (2001). Uncovering differences in team competency requirements the case of air traffic control teams. In E. Salas, C.A. Bowers and E. Edens (Eds.), Improving Teamwork in Organizations Applications of Resource Management Training (pp. 31-54). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum. 

Various models of training exist (e.g., Annett, 1968 Kozlowski and Salas, 1997 Tannenbaum, Cannon-Bowers, and Mathieu, 1993). Snow and Swanson (1992) presented a simplistic training framework that includes the initial state (i.e., trainee s... 

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