Cannons

Laser-based profilometry systems have also been applied for nondestructive testing and measurement of both smooth-bore and rifled gun tubes. Working through Small Business Innovation Research program, the U.S. Army has developed laser-based profilometry systems for the inspection of the 120mm cannon used on the MI-Al Abrams main battle tank. Systems have also been built to measure the erosion of 25 mm and 155 mm rifled gun tubes. 

Continuous Solvent—Extrusion Process. A schematic for a typical continuous process, widely used for making solvent propellant for cannons, is shown in Figure 7. This continuous process produces ca 1100 metric tons of single-base propellant per month at the U.S. Army Ammunition Plant (Radford, Virginia). Continuous processes have also been developed for double- and triple-base propellants and for stick as well as granular geometries. A principal aspect of these processes has been the extensive use of single- and double-screw extmders instead of the presses used in the batch process. 

T. C. Minor, Interior ballistic Calculations for the 155mm Cannon Eaunched Guided Projectile, 2CM712, Tired with theiXM211 Propellant Charge, interim memo report, BaUistics Research Laboratory (BRL), Aberdeen, Md., Aug. 1977, p. 569. 

M Continuous Automated Cannon PropellantFacility, Radford Army Ammunition Plant, Radford, Va., 1970. 

The first of these reactions takes place at temperatures of about 150°C, the second reaction proceeds at about 550—660°C. Typical furnaces used to carry out the reaction include cast-iron retorts the Mannheim mechanical furnace, which consists of an enclosed stationary circular muffle having a concave bottom pan and a domed cover and the Laury furnace, which employs a horizontal two-chambered rotating cylinder for the reaction vessel. The most recent design is the Cannon fluid-bed reactor in which the sulfuric acid vapor is injected with the combustion gases into a fluidized bed of salts. The Mannaheim furnace has also been used with potassium chloride as the feed. 

Fig. 24. (a) Ostwald glass capillary viscometer, (b) Cannon-Fenske viscometer, and (c) Ubbelohde viscometer. 

The Cannon-Fenske viscometer (Fig. 24b) is excellent for general use. A long capillary and small upper reservoir result in a small kinetic energy correction the large diameter of the lower reservoir minimises head errors. Because the upper and lower bulbs He on the same vertical axis, variations in the head are minimal even if the viscometer is used in positions that are not perfecdy vertical. A reverse-flow Cannon-Fen ske viscometer is used for opaque hquids. In this type of viscometer the Hquid flows upward past the timing marks, rather than downward as in the normal direct-flow instmment. Thus the position of the meniscus is not obscured by the film of Hquid on the glass wall. 

The Ubbelohde viscometer is shown in Figure 24c. It is particularly useful for measurements at several different concentrations, as flow times are not a function of volume, and therefore dilutions can be made in the viscometer. Modifications include the Caimon-Ubbelohde, semimicro, and dilution viscometers. The Ubbelohde viscometer is also called a suspended-level viscometer because the Hquid emerging from the lower end of the capillary flows down only the walls of the reservoir directly below it. Therefore, the lower Hquid level always coincides with the lower end of the capillary, and the volume initially added to the instmment need not be precisely measured. This also eliminates the temperature correction for glass expansion necessary for Cannon-Fen ske viscometers. 

Stormer (Standard and Digital) A 100-10 -50 none to fair Cannon Instmment, State College, Pa./Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, N.J. 

The Cannon Instmment Company produces a line of rotational viscometers, most of which are quite specialized, eg. Cold Cranking Simulators (ASTM D5293) and Mini-Rotary viscometers (ASTM D3829 and D4684) for automotive engine oils. They also have a general use instmment similar to Brookfield s basic viscometer. 

Measured ia 95% ethanol at 25°C usiag an Ostwald-Cannon-Fenske viscometer. 

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