Candles, ingredients

The extraordinary resistance of wax to penetration by water has made it unusually useful. The clean, nonsmoky character of its flame makes it an ideal candle ingredient, although it is necessary in their making to include high melting, debrittle waxes or stearic acid (22,31). 

Ref A. Stettbacher, Explosivst 1956,27 Aluminum Flares are military devices contg pyrotechnic compns which are mixts of finely powdered substances compressed into candles. The most important ingredients in a pyrotechnic compn are the fuel and the oxidizing agent. To these are usually added other materials to intensify the color of the light produced, decrease the burning rate, act as a binder and waterproof the compn... 

Rapeseed has become an important crop in the temperate zones of the world, with production in more than 30 countries on 5 continents. The productive capacity of the crop and the nutritive value of its protein have made rapeseed a leading potential source of food and feed protein ingredients. Oilseed rapeseed was grown in India over 3000 years ago, and at least 2000 years ago in China and Japan. It is not clear when rapeseed oil became a food oil in addition to its use as a fuel for lamp lighting and for soap and candles. Throughout most of the long history of this crop, the cake or meal was used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, a practice that persists today in China and Japan (5). 

I he first material used in the World War for the generation of artificial smoke on land was the British Type S smoke mixture. This wa.s UMni as a filling for the first smoke candles, called Smoke Torch, Mark 1, Type S, and consisted of the following ingredients ... 

Later in the war these ingredients were somewhat modified for the Smoke Candle. Mark II, Type S-I, to include ... 

Use Intermediate, rubber compounding, cosmetic ingredients, buffing compounds, alkyd resins, emulsifiers, grease manufacture, and candles. 

Kerosene is used to power lamps and heaters. Power plants and factories use petroleum coke, a solid fuel made of petroleum, as a fuel. Asphalt and tar, solid materials left over after the fractionation of petroleum, are components of paved roads. Petrolatum, another solid component of petroleum, is used as a lubricant and moisturizer. Paraffin wax, also obtained as a by-product of petroleum distillation, is an ingredient in candles, candy, polishes, and matches. Other forms of petroleum are used as lubricating oils for engines or as solvents in paints. 

Products and Uses A basic ingredient in soaps, detergents, bubble baths, lipstick, candles, salad oils, shortenings, and cosmetics. A component in the manufacture of food-grade additives, as a defoaming agent, lubricant, emulsifier, and binder. 

For engineering purposes, the most useful classification of polymers is based on their thermal (thermomechanical) response. Under this scheme, polymers are classified as thermoplastics or thermosets. As the name suggests, thermoplastic polymers soften and flow under the action of heat and pressure. Upon cooling, the polymer hardens and assumes the shape of the mold (container). Thermoplastics, when compounded with appropriate ingredients, can usually withstand several of these heating and cooling cycles without suffering any structural breakdown. This behavior is similar to that of candle wax. Examples of thermoplastic polymers are polyethylene, polystyrene, and nylon. 

Paraffin wax is required not only for candle-making but there are many other applications as for example coatings of papers or cloths, modification of bitumen, ingredients for cosmetics and even for chewing gum. Wax fractions of distinct properties are produced by short path distillation. The feedstock is distilled in a plant with two (or more) stages (i) separation of volatiles and (ii) overhead distillation of the product. Apart from the volatiles the feedstock and the product streams are solid at room temperature. Such a plant requires adequate heat tracing of all piping. 

---