Trans Fatty acids cancer

Opposing effects of certain individual fatty acids could have influenced the lack of a relationship between dietary fat and fat type with the risk of breast cancer. Well-conducted animal studies suggest that linoleic acid promotes development of mammary tumors, whereas saturated, monounsatu-rated, and trans fatty acids have little or no effect. In many cases, w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress tumor development. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the most potent anti-cancer fatty acid in that amounts of 1% or less of dietary fat can substantially inhibit the development of mammary tumors (Ip, 1997). 

What are the optimal conditions to hydrogenate canola oil Edible vegetable oil is hydrogenated to preserve its flavor and to alter its melting properties. Because evidence suggests that trans-fatty acids are associated with increased risk of heart disease and cancer, the minimum amount of trans-fatty acids and the maximum amount of c/s-oleic acid are desired. 

Gebauer, S. K., Chardigny, J. M, Jakobsen, M. U., Lamarche, B., Lock, A. L, Proctor, S. D Baer, D. J. (2011). Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advance in Nutrition, 2(4), 332-54. 

Trans-fatty acids and cancer the evidence reviewed. Nutrition Research Reviews, 21(2), 174-88. 

It is worth noting that in countries such as the USA, the content of trans fatty acids (such as CLA) must be declared on food products, with a view to eliminating these from the human diet. This is because of an association between coronary heart disease in man and trans fatty acids produced from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils that are used in the manufacture of margarines and spreads. Such products have a different profile of trans fatty acids compared with those observed in milk. Indeed, the most common trans fatty add found in milk is cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and there is evidence from laboratory animals that this fatty acid has a beneficial effect on protecting against certain types of cancer, coronary heart disease and diabetes. 

Unfortunately, not all of the unsaturated fats appear to be equally safe. When we eat partially hydrogenated fats, we increase our consumption of trans-fatty acids. These acids, which are isomers of the naturally occurring ds-fatty acids, have been implicated in a variety of conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. The strongest evidence that frans-fatty acids may be harmful comes in studies of the incidence of coronary heart disease. Ingestion of trans-fatty acids appears to increase blood cholesterol levels, in particular the ratio of low-density lipoproteins (LDL, or "bad" cholesterol) to high-density lipoproteins (HDL, or "good" cholesterol). The trans-fatty acids appear to exhibit harmful effects on the heart that are similar to those shown by saturated fatty acids. 

Dietary associations with risk of prostate cancer were also assessed from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. High intakes of total, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids and of a-linole-nic acid were associated with increased risk, whereas high intakes of saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid were found to be protective. Intake of trans fatty acids was not found to be associated with risk of prostate cancer. 

Ip C and Marshall JR (1996) Trans fatty acids and cancer. Nutrition Reviews 54 138-145. 

Miwa and Yamamoto (31) described a simple and rapid method with high accuracy and reliability for the determination of C8 0-C22 6 fatty acids, which occur in esterified forms in dietary fats and oils and in living cells [the biological effects of routinely consumed fats and oils are of wide interest because of their impact on human health and nutrition (28,29), in particular, the ratio of cu-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3/cu-6) seems to be associated with atherosclerosis and breast and colon cancers (30)]. They report improved separation of 29 saturated and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C8-C22), including cis-trans isomers and double-bond positional isomers, as hydrazides formed by direct derivatization with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (2-NPH HC1) of saponified samples without extraction. The column consisted of a J sphere ODS-M 80 column (particle size 4 /xm, 250 X 4.6-mm ID), packed closely with spherical silica encapsulated to reach a carbon content of about 14% with end-capped octadecyl-bonded-spherical silica (ODS), maintained at 50°C. The solvent system was acetonitrile-water (86 14, v/v) maintained at pH 4-5 by adding 0.1 M hydrochloric acid with a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Separation was performed within only 22 min by a simple isocratic elution (Fig. 6). The resolution of double-bond positional isomers, such as y-linolenic ( >-6) and a-linolenic acid ( >-3) hydrazides and w-9, >-12, and >-15 eicosenoic acid hydrazides was achieved by use of this column. 

Trans-Isomers and Cancer A study conducted in postmenopausal women suggested an association between risk of breast cancer and the level of hydrogenated oil derived mono-frawi-fatty acids was stored in the adipose tissue (221). It was also found that frawi-fatty acid might cause colorectal neoplasia by interfering with the cell membrane function or eicosanoid metabolism (222). Increased adenoma prevalence was associated with the consumption of sweetened baked goods, oils, and condiments. 

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) have been reported to be antitumoral fatty acids [9,10]. Two types of biologically active CLAs are known the cis-9,trans-ll isomer and the trans-l0,cis-l2 isomer. The former is the principal dietary form of CLA and was used in our experiment as a reference. Comparisons of cytotoxicity to breast cancer cells revealed that the cytotoxicity of 13-MTD was almost equivalent to that of CLA. 

The use of methanol offers the best results in the trans-esterification of oils and fats. Compared with other alcohols, methanol requires shorter reaction times and smaller catalyst amounts and alcohol/oil molar ratios [10,12,15,16,51,52]. These advantages lead to reduced consumption of steam, heat, water, and electricity, and use of smaller processing equipment to produce the same amount of biodiesel. Biodiesel applications continue to expand. Thus, in addition to its use as fuel, biodiesel has been employed in the synthesis of resins, polymers, emulsifiers, and lubricants [53-64]. Concerning the range of applications, new biodiesel production processes should be considered as alternatives to the production based on methanol. Currently, methanol is primarily produced from fossil matter. Due to its high toxicity, methanol may cause cancer and blindness in humans, if they are overexposed to it. Methanol traces are not desired in food and other products for human consumption [15]. In contrast, ethanol emerges as an excellent alternative to methanol as it is mainly produced from biomass, is easily metabolized by humans, and generates stable fatty acid esters. Additionally, fatty acid ester production with ethanol requires shorter reaction times and smaller amounts of alcohol and catalyst compared to the other alcohols, except methanol, used in transesterification processes [11,15,16]. 

Tran, C.P., FamUari, M., Parker, L.M. et al. (1998) Short-chain fatty acids inhibit intestinal trefoil factor gene expression in colon cancer cells. Am. J. Physiol Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, 275, G85-G94. 

Coakley M, Johnson MC, McGrath E, Rahman S, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al. Intestinal bifidobacteria that produce trans-9, trans-11 conjugated hnoleic acid a fatty acid with antiproliferative activity against human colon SW480 and HT-29 cancer ceUs. Nutr Cancer 2006 56 95-102. 

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