Cancer, of breast

They were suspected to lead to increased risk of cancer of breast and carcinoma of cervix and endometrium. 

Wilett, W.C. and Hunter, D.J., Vitamin A and cancers of breast, large bowel, and prostate epidemiologic evidence, Nutr. Rev., 52 (suppl), S53, 1994. 

It has been well estabhshed that cancer rates differ strikingly in various populations. Hormone-related cancers of breast, ovary, endometrium, and prostate have been reported to vary by as much as 5- to 20-fold between populations, and migrant studies indieate that the difference is largely attributed to enviromnental factors rather than geneties. The highest ineidences of these cancers are typically observed in populations with Western lifestyles that include relatively... 

A New Zealand study of 1358 patients with total hip arthroplasty, for a total of 14 286 patient years. A significant increase in tumors of the hemopoetic and lymphatic systems, accompanied by a significant decrease of cancers of breast (in women), colon and bowel was observed. The authors suggest that these data are evidence for increased immune surveillance, allowing or precipitating hemopoetic and lymphatic tumors but at the same time providing better resistance to the development of soft tissue tumors. The first large scale study of this question. 

Since the pioneering work by Knudson in the early 1970s, a correlation between mutated tumor suppressor genes and different cancers has been found in several cases, such as BRCAl (cancers of breast, ovary, colon and prostate), BRCA2 (cancers of breast, ovary, pancreas and prostate), CDK4 (melanoma) and PMSl and PMS2 (colorectal cancer), just to mention a few. Representative tumor suppressor genes, their functions and the pathways affected are listed in Table 1.3. 

Meg estrolAceta.te. This compound is used outside the United States as an oral contraceptive. In the United States, it is used for the paUiative treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, or as an adjunct to other therapies. Its use has been associated with an increased appetite and food intake and has been evaluated in the treatment of anorexia and cachexia (107). 

Breast Cancer. Many studies have observed low incidences of hormone-dependent cancers, particularly breast cancer, in Asian countries compared with Western countries and it is becoming increasingly accepted that dietary factors play an important role. Although breast cancer can occur in either males or females, only about 1 % of all cases occur in men, and male breast cancer is a rare disease in all parts of the world." Although there appear to be some similar risk factors for breast cancer in males and females, there is no indication in the literature that diet is either a risk or a protective factor for male breast cancer. The development of breast cancer is known to be highly dependent on the hormones associated with female reproductive functions, while established genetic factors have been... 

While there is limited evidence to suggest that consumption of diets high in fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduction in risk of breast cancer, the... 

Stomach Cancer. Of all the cancers, that of the stomach causes the second largest number of deaths. Only lung cancer kills more men, and only breast cancer kills more women. Stomach cancer is a painful and debilitating way to die, and the link to nitrate in water that has been suggested is a serious matter. There... 

The remarkable success of taxol in treatment of breast and ovarian cancers stimulated research efforts to synthesize taxol directly and to identify new antimitotic agents that, like taxol, stimulate microtubule polymerization. 

Tamoxifen is a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer. How would you prepare tamoxifen from benzene, the following ketone, and any other reagents needed ... 

MTX is part of curative therapeutic schedules for acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), Burkitt s lymphoma, and choriocarcinoma. It was also used in adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. High dose MTX with leucovorin rescue can induce about 30% remissions in patients with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. MTX is one of the few antineoplastic drugs that can be safely administered intrathecally for the treatment of meningeal metastases and leukemic infiltrations (routine prophylaxis in ALL). In addition, MTX can be used as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. 

Antineoplastic agents that cannot be grouped under subheadings 1-9 include miltefosine which is an alkylphosphocholine that is used to treat skin metastasis of breast cancer, and crispantase which breaks down asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. It is active against tumor cells that lack the enzyme asparaginase, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Side effects include irritation of the skin in the case of miltefosine and anaphylactic reactions in the case of crispantase. Another recent development is the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib which is used to treat multiple myeloma. 

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