Cancer/carcinogens fluid

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and EPA have not classified mineral oil hydraulic fluids, polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, and organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids for carcinogenic effects. 

One human carcinogenicity exposure study was located. This study did not find convincing associations between exposure to hydraulic fluid and the incidence of cancer at a specific site (Siemiatycki et al. 

Unfortunately, not all combinations of chemical additives in water-based fluids are completely compatible, and side reactions leading to various byproducts have been noted. The best known of these side reactions is the reaction between the corrosion inhibitor nitrite and the emulsifiers di- and triethanolamine (7) to form N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A), a nitrosamine reported to have carcinogenic activity (8, 9, 10). In fact, most nitrosamines are carcinogenic, and no animal species which has been tested is resistant to nitrosa mine-induced cancer. Although there is no direct evidence that firmly links human cancer to nitrosamines, it is unlikely that humans should be uniquely resistant. 

Hydraulic fluids have not been shown to be carcinogenic in animal cancer bioassays or mutagenic in other test systems. 

Hydraulic fluids are not likely to cause chronic toxicity or cancer as currently manufactured and used. Only one epidemiology study has been conducted for a mineral oil-based fluid, and there were no associations between exposure and cancer. The mineral oils used in hydraulic fluids are highly refined and not mutagenic or carcinogenic in animals. The same would be expected for PAOs. 

Proposition 65 s warning requirement has provided an incentive for manufacturers to remove listed chemicals from their products. For example, trichloroethylene, which causes cancer, is no longer used in most correction fluids reformulated paint strippers do not contain the carcinogen methylene chloride and toluene, which causes birth defects or other reproductive harm, has been removed from many nail care products. In addition, a Proposition 65 enforcement action prompted manufacturers to decrease the lead content in ceramic tableware and wineries to eliminate the use of lead-containing foil caps on wine bottles. 

Sassafras albidum has been reported to have antineoplastic activity. Over the years many different preparations, including teas, salves, and fluid extracts have been utilized for breast, cervical, and other types of cancer. In the 1787 edition of Materia Medica Americana sassafras root was listed as a remedy for cancerous ulcers. In 1833 The American Practice of Medicine listed sassafras oil as a cure for osteosarcomatous tumors (Hartwell, 1969). It is now known that sassafras has no antineoplastic activity and has itself been identified as carcinogenic. 

Weinzierl SN and Webb M (1972) Interaction of carcinogenic metals with tissue and body fluids. Br J Cancer 26 279 - 291. 

Covalent binding of the carcinogen to DNA is believed to be the initial critical step in chemical carcinogenesis. Thus, measurea nt of carcinogen-DNA adducts should be a more relevant marker of exposure to carcinogens than measurement of the chemical itself in the environment or body fluids. Such assays take into account individual differences in absorption and metabolism of carcinogens as well as repair of adducts once they are formed. In addition to being a more relevant marker of exposure, it is hoped that such measurements will be useful as markers of individual risk for development of cancer. 

The vast majority of these SDWA-regulated chemicals were the BTEX compounds—benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. The BTEX compounds appeared in 60 hydraulic fracturing products used between 2005 and 2009 and were used in 11.4 million gal of hydraulic fracfuring fluids. The Department of Healfh and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and fhe USEPA have defermined that benzene is a human carcinogen (ATSDR, 2007). Chronic exposure to toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene can also damage the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys (USEPA, 2012b). 

Lungs exposed to the lower amines can exhibit hemorrhage and edema (excessive fluid accumulation). Aniline and nitrobenzene may cause the iron(II) in blood hemoglobin to be oxidized to iron(HI) so that the blood no longer transports oxygen. Some of the aromatic amines are known human carcinogens. Two important examples are 1-naphthylamine and 2-naphthylamine, which were shown to cause bladder cancer in German dye industry workers exposed to these compounds around 1900. 

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