Canada comparisons

Rayne, S. and Ikonomou, M.G. 2002, Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada Comparison to commercial mixtures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 2292—2300. 

Yang, X-M, Lentz, D.R., McCutcheon, S.R. 2003. Petrochemical evolution of subvolcanic granitoid intrusions within the late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada comparison of Au versus Sn-W-Mo-polymetallic mineralization systems. Atlantic Geology, 39, 97-121. 

Edwards, T. W. D. P. Fritz, 1988. Stable-isotope paleoclimate records for southern Ontario. Canada comparison of results from marl and wood. Can. J. Earth Sci. 25 1397-1406. 

A. T. Chen, and co-workers, "Comparison of the Dynamic Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers Based on Low Unsaturation Polyoxypropylene Glycols and Poly(tetramethylene oxide) Glycols," Polyurethanes World Congress 1993, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Oct. 10—13,1993. 

Comparison of Effectiveness Tests. Three laboratory methods were compared the revised standard dispersant effectiveness test used and required for regulation in the United States, the swirling flask test (developed by Environment Canada), and the IFP-dilution test (used in France and other European countries) [1693]. Six test oils and three dispersants were evaluated. It was concluded that the three tests gave similar precision results, but that the swirling flask test was fastest, cheapest, simplest, and required the least operator skill. 

Stonehouse, P., Clark, E.A. Ogini, Y.A. (2001) Organic and conventional dairy farm comparisons in Ontario, Canada. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 19, 115-125. 

Figure 3.8 Comparison of theory and experiments (water-air horizontal flow at 25°C and 1 atm pressure with diameter of 2.5 cm). Solid lines theory. (From Dukler, 1978. Copyright 1978 by National Council of Canada. Reprinted with permission.) Fuzzy lines experimental data. (From Mand-hane et al., 1974. Copyright 1974 by Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington, UK. Reprinted with permission.)...

Figure 3.49 Comparison of experimental and calculated data. (From Deev et al., 1978. Copyright 1978 by National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Reprinted with permission.)...

Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada) software package version 8.0 was used to display the data as reconstructed mass spectra (Figure 10.6), as well as reflect spectra for comparison purposes (Figure 10.7) and display peaks that were not common between two spectra (Figure 10.8). 

Method The authors use information on all non-hospital sales of pharmaceutical products in 1992 in a sample of countries consisting of the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and the UK. The database was provided by Intercontinental Medical Systems (IMS). The empirical analysis is based on the calculation of the Paasche and Laspeyres price indexes and the ratio between them. The descriptive analysis is completed with the econometric analysis (quasi-hedonic model) of the determining factors of the variation in the relative prices of each active ingredient in each country taking the USA as the point of comparison. 

Wong et al. [38] conducted an inter comparison of sampling devices using seawater at 9 m in a plastic enclosure of 65 m in Saanich Inlet, BC, Canada. The sampling methods were ... 

Carmichael, N.G., K.S. Squibb, and B.A. Fowler. 1979. Metals in the molluscan kidney a comparison of two closely related bivalve species (Argopecten), using X-ray microanalysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 36 1149-1155. 

Macdonald, C.R. and C.D. Metcalfe. 1989. A comparison of PCB congener distributions in two point-source contaminated lakes and one uncontaminated lake in Ontario. Water Pollut. Res. Jour. Canada 24 23-46. 

Comparison of C02-N2-enhanced coalbed methane recovery and CO2 storage for low- high-rank coals, Alberta, Canada and Shanxi, China... 

The critical load exceedance pattern is shown across eastern Canada for the years 1980 and 1995. The differences in the exceedance patterns of 1980 and 1995 indicate that the area of exceedance, and the amount of exceedance in most areas, declined considerably in 15 years. By way of comparison, the 1995 area of exceedance is 61% lower than that in 1980, a clear illustration that the decline in annual sulfate deposition from 1980 to 1995 resulted in a large reduction to the number of lakes vulnerable to acid rain. In spite of the decline, there still exist in 1995 large areas in eastern Canada where the critical loads are exceeded. In 1995, this area was approximately 510,000 km2 and encompassed roughly 60,000 lakes. 

To make this conclusion more reliable, we applied the above statistical comparison procedure to independent data on the chemical composition of melted snow samples, which were collected in the vicinity of a nickelprocessing plant, on the Kola Peninsula [2], and an industrial megalopolis [4], According to these data, chemical analysis of melted snow was conducted by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and ion chromatography using certified reference materials SLRS-2 of the National Research Council (Canada) and NIST, 1643c (US) [2], Statistical analysis of these data revealed that... 

TABLE 3.1 Comparison of Metal Concentrations in an Existing Reference Seawater (NASS-5, from NRC-Canada) and in Oceanic Seawater... 

Unconformity-type uranium deposits from the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada) represent the worid-richest uranium ores with the McArthur River deposit as a prime exampie. They are mainiy iocated ciose to the unconformity between a Paieo- to Meso-Proterozoic sedimentary basin, the Athabasca Basin, and an Archean to Paieoproterozoic metamorphic to piutonic basement. For severai years, a new type of uraniferous mineraiization, entireiy iocated in the basement, has been driiied in the South-Eastern part of the basin. Few data are avaiiabie for this type of deposit, iimiting the comparison of their characteristics and possibie genetic iinks with deposits iocated at the unconformity. 

Because this literature has become so vast and has morphed in so many different ways, we focus on a subset. Specifically, we review three types of studies. First, we review evidence based on comparisons of spending and outcomes across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Second, we describe a number of studies focusing on specific countries (namely, the United States and Canada). These studies have examined the impact of pharmaceutical spending levels on health outcomes using variation across administrative units and over time within individual countries. Finally, we introduce the growing literature examining the value of pharmaceuticals relative to specific disease areas. 

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