Calcium soap formation

However, Patton and Carey (42) have suggested that calcium soap formation is a part of usual lipid digestion. Other research indicates that the availability of calcium from calcium soaps infused into rat intestines increases as fatty acid chain length decreases ans as degree of polyunsaturatedness increases (58). 

Betapol , a human milkfat substitute produced by Loders Croklaan (Wormerveer, the Netherlands), is produced by interesterification of vegetable oils in which the component TAGs have been modified to more closely resemble those found in breast milk. This product closely mimics the specific structure and fatty acid composition of human milkfat and resembles breast milk in terms of its nutritional value and high content of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position than other milkfat substitutes. In addition, the use of Betapol in infant formula can lead to improved mineral and fat absorption and less calcium soap formation within the intestinal lumen resulting in softer stools. 

Clearly, long-chain soaps and fatty acids are likely to form calcium soap antifoams even in the presence of large amounts of sodium tripolyphosphate builder. However, if builders with complexation constants significantly lower than those of sodium tripolyphosphate are used, then it is possible that calcium soap formation may be inhibited and antifoam effects diminished. Observations of Schmadel and Kurzendorfer [5] comparing the antifoam effect of soaps in the presence of nitrilotri-acetic acid and sodium tripolyphosphate are consistent with that expectation. 

Another way to obtain, under suitable conditions, stable dispersions of sur-factant-stabihzed nanoparticles consists in the direct suspension of some materials in w/o microemulsions. The formation of stable dispersions of rutile (size 80-450 mn) and carbon black (200-500 nm) in AOT// -xylene and of rutile, lead chloride, aluminium, antimony in solutions of calcium soaps in benzene has been reported [219,220],... 

In steatorrhea, the formation and precipitation of insoluble calcium soaps formed from calcium and fatty acid has been generally credited as the cause of reduced calcium and fat absorption. 

Fat absorption has been found to be less efficient in infants than in adult humans (60-63). Thus, the potential for formation and precipitation of calcium soaps inhibiting the absorption of calcium would appear to be greater. Furthermore, formulation of products to best promote both fat and calcium utilization by bottle fed infants would appear to be a desirable, obtainable objective. 

A combination of pancreatin with antacids such as bicarbonate seems not to result in improved effects [93-95], This may be attributable to reflex summation of acid secretion, binding of bile acid by calcium, or formation of calcium and magnesium soaps with the liberated fatty acids. Furthermore, high doses of bicarbonate are considered unpalatable, especially by children. 

Godolphin W, Cameron EC, FrohUch J, Price JD. Spurious hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients after heparinization. In-vitro formation of calcium soaps. Am J Qrn Pathol 1979 71(2) 215-18. 

Also pH and water hardness can influence the viscosity of depositable material as the fatty acids may be converted into calcium soaps or other soaps of divalent and trivalent ions. Increase in pH (up to approximately pH 9.0) and increasing water hardness will increase the formation of metal soaps of fatty acid. The formation of metal soaps of fatty acid will increase the viscosity of the organic material. 

With the use of lime water as an aqueous phase of the emulsitm. the drag release rate was slower due to the in situ formation of calcium soap with the fatty acids present in the beeswax. 

Soaps have often been incorporated in detergents to control levels of foam, especially in the context of products designed to be used in foam-intolerant washing machines. Utility as antifoam additives in this context alone invites attention with respect to their mode of action. We therefore explore the possibility that they function as hydrophobic particles according to the principles outlined here. Of particular interest is the possibility that formation of highly insoluble calcium soaps represent the key to their mode of action. 

It would therefore seem Ukely that these antifoam effects are largely associated with the formation of calcium soap precipitates. Curiously, Peper [195] ignores this possibility and interprets his resnlts in terms of formation of rigid islands of calcium soap monolayer interspersed with gaseous film of adsorbed surfactant. Peper [195] asserts that these islands wiU make the film unstable because of their inflexible brittle nature. No theoretical arguments are given for why these should be unstable. 

If, by contrast, these antifoam effects with calcium soaps are a consequence of the formation of unstable bridging configurations in foam films, then we would expect... 

In a third example, MAGs were obtained by hydrolysis of TAG in oil-in-water emulsions at 50 °C using a 1,3-selctive hpase, which released FEA from the 1- and 3-glycerol positions (Hwang et al, 2009). To make the reaction irreversible, the medium was enriched in calcium cations, to enable the formation of soaps (with the optimal pH being 10.0, further promoting soap formation). 

Branched-chain acids have a wide variety of industrial uses as paint driers (7), vinyl stabilizers (8), and cosmetic products (9). Cobalt and manganese salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid and neodecanoic acid are used as driers for paint, varnishes, and enamels litbium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid are used in the formation of greases and lubricants (see Driers and metallic soaps). Derivatives of isostearic acid have been used as pour point depressants in two-cycle engine oils, as textile lubricants, and in cosmetic formulations. Further industrial appHcations can be found (10). 

In addition to the formation of scale or corrosion of metal within boilers, auxiliary equipment is also susceptible to similar damage. Attempts to prevent scale formation within a boiler can lead to makeup line deposits if the treatment chemicals are improperly ehosen. Thus, the addition of normal phosphates to an unsoftened feed water ean eause a dangerous eondition by elogging the makeup line with preeipitated calcium phosphate. Deposits in the form of calcium or magnesium stearate deposits, otherwise known as "bathtub ring" can be readily seen, and are caused by the eombination of ealcium or magnesium with negative ions of soap stearates. 

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