Calcium signaling pathways

SIGNAL INTEGRATION by phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase eventually phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase. Either (or both) phosphorylation and calcium signaling pathways converge at phosphorylase kinase. 

The processes of calcium signaling consist of the molecular and biophysical events that link external stimuli to the expression of appropriate intracellular responses by means of increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+. The external signal is most commonly a neurotransmitter, hormone or growth factor but, in the case of excitable cells, the initial chemical stimuli may bring about membrane excitation, which in turn activates a calcium-signaling pathway. 

Bading H, Ginty DD, Greenberg ME Regulation of gene expression in hippocampal neurons by distinct calcium signaling pathways. Science 260 181-186, 1993... 

Mizuta et al Expression and coupling of neurokinin receptor subtypes to inositol phosphate and calcium signaling pathways in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008 294 L523. 

Knight, H., Brandt, S., and Knight, M.R., 1998, A history of stress alters drought calcium signalling pathways in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 16 681-687. 

FIGURE 10,42 Structures of components of the calcium signaling pathway Inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) appears not to be synthesized by mammalian cells. The phytic acid in the diet can, to some extent, be hydrolyzed to give inositol. Inositol is required in the diet of rodents but not of humans. 

Kadono T, Yamaguchi Y, Furuichi T, Hirono M, Garrec JP, Kawano T. Ozone-induced cell death mediated with oxidative and calcium signaling pathways in tobacco Bel-W3 and Bel-B cell suspension cultures. Plant Signal Behavior 2006 1 312-22. 

Kliisener, B., Young, J.J., Murata, Y. et al. 2002. Convergence of calcium signaling pathways of pathogenic elicitors and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis guard cells. Plant Physiol. 130(4) 2152-2163. 

Grb-2 facilitates the transduction of an extracellular stimulus to an intracellular signaling pathway, (b) The adaptor protein PSD-95 associates through one of its three PDZ domains with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Another PDZ domain associates with a PDZ domain from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Through its interaction with PSD-95, nNOS is localized to the NMDA receptor. Stimulation by glutamate induces an influx of calcium, which activates nNOS, resulting in the production of nitric oxide. 

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