Calcium calculation

FIGURE 1.17 pH Dependence of log D for atorvastatin calcium, calculated using the advanced chemistry development program. 

Chlorine Calculated Actual Sodium Calculated Actual Calcium Calculated Actual ... 

Much has been written about the value of urinary hydroxyproline elevations in separating bone formation from bone resorption. Correlations have been attempted clinically between urinary hydroxyproline, on the one hand, and serum alkaline phosphatase, serum and urinary calcium, calculations of calcium turnover such as the bone formation rate and bone resorption rate, bone histology, and bone radiology. Most authors feel that the level of urinary hydroxyproline refiects bone destruction (B6, B16, D8, D9, Gl, K26, L8, SI 6) more than bone formation (H9, K20). This does not seem to be a very useful argument clinically, because bone formation and destruction are usually occurring simultaneously in... 

One practical alternative to the radiometric methods is provided by murexide, which forms a complex with free calcium (46). This complex can be determined spectrophotometrically and used for the calculation of unbound calcium. Bound calcium calculated by difference, enables one to construct binding plots. This method has two advantages in special cases it is very rapid and therefore can be used for labile binding proteins, and since no dialysis or ultrafiltration is needed it can be used with low molecular weight peptides. About 1 mg of protein is required for the murexide method. 

Fluorite, a mineral of calcium, is a compound of the metal with fluorine. Analysis shows that a 2.76-g sample of fluorite contains 1.42 g of calcium. Calculate the (a) mass of fluorine in the sample (b) mass fractions of calcium and fluorine in fluorite (c) mass percents of calcium and fluorine in fluorite. 

I made a quick calculation recently. The Ottawa River, which runs down into the St. Lawrence through the Province of Quebec, currently carries about two million tons of calcium, calculated as calcium carbonate. And this extraction has been going on for an awfully long time, no doubt with a continuously decreasing load as the calcium is depleted. So it means that water in the lakes up in the North contain only 1.5 to 2 parts per million of calcium, which is actually lower than the calcium present in the rainfall that you get here in Rochester. And, of course, these lakes are not subject to the same inputs of dust as occur in Illinois where it s coming off the Great Plains areas, as discussed this morning. 

Weigh out accurately about 0.2 g of dried cement and treat as above for the determination of the alkalis. Pipette 25.0 cm of the solution into a conical flask and use the same procedure as in Sec.3.4.1 for the complexometric determination of calcium. Calculate from an average of two concordant titres, the concentration of calcium in the solution and hence the % Ca in the dried cement expressed as CaO%. 

A typical slag (specific gravity 3.6) contains complex siUcates of iron, calcium, 2iac, magnesium, and aluminum oxides. The quantity of fluxes (compounds added to lower the melting poiat) added depends on the feed composition, and is calculated to ensure a fluid slag at the operating temperature. 

A rapid method to determine the calcium content of lead alloys is a Hquid-metal titration using lead—antimony (1%) (9). The end point is indicated by a gray oxide film pattern on the surface of a sohdifted sample of the metal when observed at a 45° angle to a light source. The basis for the titration is the reaction between calcium and antimony. The percentage of calcium in the sample can be calculated from the amount of antimony used. If additional calcium is needed in the alloy, the melt is sweetened with a lead—calcium (1 wt %) master alloy. 

Aminosalicylic acid and its salts have been used in the treatment of tuberculosis, Aminosalicylic acid can be prepared by the carboxylation of m- am in oph en o1 (32). Aminosalicylic acid USP assays not less than 98.5% and not more than 100.5%, calculated on the anhydrous basis. The antitubercular agents are likely to be used as the more tolerated salts calcium [133-15-3] potassium [133-09-5] sodium [133-10-8] and the ethyl [6069-17-2] and phenyl [133-11-9] esters of -aminosalicylic acid. 

The needed amounts of lime and soda ash can be calculated from the stoichiometry of the reactions. The effluent quaUty is a function of the solubihties of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide and of the quantities of softening chemicals added. The acceptable level of total hardness can be decided and usually is 70—120 mg/L (265—454 mg/gal), expressed as CaC03. The sum of the solubihties of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide is ca 50—70 mg/L (190—265 mg/gal), depending upon the pH. The sum of the concentrations of the carbonic species HCO/ +, ... 

The calcium salt of the principal product, d/-tartaric acid, crystallizes with four molecules of water, while the secondary product, meso-tartaric acid, forms a calcium salt which crystallizes with three molecules of water. The amount of sulfuric acid actually required may readily be calculated from the percentage of calcium found on analysis in the regular way or it may be estimated by igniting a sample, and titrating the residue with standard acid. 

Hardness as calcium carbonate The expression ascribed to the value obtained when the hardness-forming salts are calculated in terms of equivalent quantities of calcium carbonate a convenient method of reducing all salts to a common basic for comparison. 

The crystal growth rates can be directly determined from the second and third moment as described above. The calculated rates for calcium oxalate here are in the range 0.75 x 10 to 4.7 x 10 m/s. Literature values for the growth rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate vary considerably 1.08 x 10 m/s (Kavanagh, 1992), 3.4 X 10 to 5.0 x 10 m/s (Garside etal., 1982) and 2.8 x lO to 1.11 X 10 m/s (Nielsen and Toft, 1984). The values obtained from the experiments are therefore within the range of the literature data. It should be borne in... 

When the temperature of the plasma reaches about 5° to 8°C, the calculated quantity of calcium chloride solution is added in amount which is from 0.2 to 0.3% in excess of that needed to react with and precipitate the anticoagulant. The temperature of the plasma is allowed to rise to about 24°C. At 18° to 24°C strands of fibrin begin to appear and the... 

Calcium—In general, calcium (as CaCOs) below 800 ppm should not result in calcium sulfate scale. In arid climates, however, the critical level may be much lower. For calcium carbonate scaling tendencies, calculate the Langelier Saturation Index or the Ryznar Stability Index. 

Determination of soluble sodium chloride. By entering the graph in Figure 4-109 with the Ib/bbl of calcium chloride at the correct volume percent of water (by retort) line, the maximum amount of soluble sodium chloride can be found. If the sodium chloride content determined in Step 2 is greater than the maximum soluble sodium chloride determined from Figure 4-108, only the soluble portion should be used for calculating the total soluble salts. 

Concentrations of individual constituents, such as calcium, hardness or alkalinity should be brought to mg/1 as CaC03 for any comparisons or calculations. 

The actual figure is, however, of value only in relation to calcium carbonate content and for calculation of alkali additions for pH corrections. A graphical form is included in the Langelier diagram ... 

Calculate the mass ratio of a bromine atom to an atom of (a) neon (b) calcium (c) helium... 

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