Calcium binders

Adams, C. J., Araya, A., Graham, R, Hight, A. 1996. Use of aluminosilicates of the zeolite p type as low temperature calcium binders. US5560829. Unilever. 

This is used extensively for qualitative analysis, for it is a rapid process and requires simple apparatus. The adsorbent is usually a layer, about 0 23 mni. thick, of silica gel or alumina, with an inactive binder, e.g. calcium sulphate, to increase the strength of the layer.. A. i i slurry of the absorbent and methanol is commonly coated on glass plates (5 20 cm. or 20 x 20 cm.), but microscope... 

Other patents (81,82) coveted the preparation of cellulose solutions using NMMO and speculated about their use as dialysis membranes, food casings (sausage skins), fibers, films, paper coatings, and nonwoven binders. NMMO emerged as the best of the amine oxides, and its commercial potential was demonstrated by American Enka (83,84). Others (85) have studied the cellulose-NMMO system in depth one paper indicates that further strength increases can be obtained by adding ammonium chloride or calcium chloride to the dope (86). 

Hydrated lime is also used to stabilize the calcium sulfite—sulfate sludge derived from thickeners at SO2 scmbbing plants that use limestone—lime. Hydrated lime (2—3%) is added to react with the gypsum sludge and flyash or other added siHceous material. Under ambient conditions the lime and siHca serve as a binder by reacting as calcium siHcates so that the material hardens into a safe, nonleaching, stable, sanitary landfill or embankment fill. 

Piebaked anodes aie produced by molding petroleum coke and coal tar pitch binder into blocks typically 70 cm x 125 cm x 50 cm, and baking to 1000—1200°C. Petroleum coke is used because of its low impurity (ash) content. The more noble impurities, such as iron and siUcon, deposit in the aluminum whereas less noble ones such as calcium and magnesium, accumulate as fluorides in the bath. Coal-based coke could be used, but extensive and expensive prepurification would be required. Steel stubs seated in the anode using cast iron support the anodes (via anode rods) in the electrolyte and conduct electric current into the anodes (Fig. 3). Electrical resistivity of prebaked anodes ranges from 5-6 Hm anode current density ranges from 0.65 to 1.3 A/crn. ... 

For binder preparation, dilute hydrochloric or acetic acids are preferred, because these faciUtate formation of stable silanol condensation products. When more complete condensation or gelation is preferred, a wider range of catalysts, including moderately basic ones, is employed. These materials, which are often called hardeners or accelerators, include aqueous ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, dicyclohexylamine, alcohoHc ammonium acetate, and tributyltin oxide (11,12). 

Zinc phosphate is now probably the most important pigment in anticorrosive paints. The selection of the correct binder for use with these pigments is very important and can dramatically affect their performance. Red lead is likely to accelerate the corrosion of non-ferrous metals, but calcium plumbate is unique in providing adhesion to newly galvanised surfaces in the absence of pretreatment, and is claimed to behave similarly on other metals in this group. 

A paint rarely consists solely of pigment dispersed in a solution of a binder. For one reason or another, small quantities of ancillary materials called additives are included. The oldest and still the most important are the driers which are used in all air-drying and many stoving paints containing drying oils. They are organic salts of certain metals, notably cobalt, calcium, barium, zirconium and manganese, with lead very much in decline. 

Making paper without pollution requires that each part of the process be nonpolluting. The chemicals most commonly used in the production of pulp are NaOH and Na2 S. In modem paper mills, sulfur-containing by-products are scmbbed from the plant exhaust, and the aqueous sodium hydroxide is reclaimed and recycled. The fillers used to make paper opaque—titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, and kaolin (a clay)—are natural, nonpolluting minerals. The polymer binders and sizers are relatively easy to recapture from the aqueous waste stream. 

Advanced stages Increased potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium decreased bicarbonate (metabolic acidosis) calcium levels are generally low in earlier stages of CKD and may be elevated in stage 5 CKD, secondary to the use of calcium-containing phosphate binders. 

Hyperphosphatemia is generally benign and rarely needs aggressive therapy. Dietary restriction of phosphate and protein is effective for most minor elevations. Phosphate binders such as aluminum-based antacids, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate (PhosLo , Nabi), sevelamer (Renagel , Genzyme), and lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol , Shire) may be necessary for some patients.43 If patients exhibit findings of hypocalcemia (tetany), IV calcium should be administered empirically. 

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