Cadmium sublethal

Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, WenzlofF DR. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in the winter flounder (Pseudoplumnectes amer-icanus). In Koeman JH, Strik JJ, editors, Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Sublethal effects of cadmium to selected species of aquatic biota... 

Sublethal effects in birds are similar to those in other species and include growth retardation, anemia, renal effects, and testicular damage (Hammons et al. 1978 Di Giulio et al. 1984 Blus et al. 1993). However, harmful damage effects were observed at higher concentrations when compared to aquatic biota. For example, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed 75 mg Cd/kg diet developed bone marrow hypoplasia, anemia, and hypertrophy of both heart ventricles at 6 weeks (Richardson et al. 1974). In zinc-deficient diets, effects were especially pronounced and included all of the signs mentioned plus testicular hypoplasia. A similar pattern was evident in cadmium-stressed quail on an iron-deficient diet. In all tests, 1% ascorbic acid in the diet prevented cadmium-induced effects in Japanese quail (Richardson et al. 1974). In studies with Japanese quail at environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 pg Cd/kg B W daily (for 4 days, administered per os), absorbed cadmium was transported in blood in a form that enhanced deposition in the kidney less than 0.7% of the total administered dose was recovered from liver plus kidneys plus duodenum (Scheuhammer 1988). 

Table 1.5 Sublethal Effects of Cadmium to Selected Species of Aquatic Biota... 

Calabrese, A., F.R Thurberg, M.A. Dawson, and D.R. Wenzloff. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Pages 15-21 in J.H. Koeman and J.J.T.W.A. Strik (eds.). Sublethal Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Aquatic Animals, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 

Di Giulio, R.T. and P.F. Scanlon. 1984. Sublethal effects of cadmium ingestion on mallard ducks. Arch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 765-771. 

Jessen-Eller, K. and J.F. Crivello. 1998. Changes in metallothionein mRNA and protein after sublethal exposure to arsenite and cadmium chloride in juvenile winter flounder. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 891-896. 

Miliou, H., N. Zaboukas, and M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou. 1998. Biochemical composition, growth, and survival of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, during chronic sublethal exposure to cadmium. Arch, Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 58-63. 

Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams. 1991. Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Mar. Biol. 108 59-65. 

De Coen, W.M. and Janssen, C.R. (1997) The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing II. Digestive enzyme activity in Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and mercuty, Chemosphere 35 (5), 1053-1067. 

Sublethal concentrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury in the culture medium inhibit both respiration and photosynthesis in the green alga Euglena (De Filippis et al., 1981 b). Photosynthesis probably is one of the most metal-sensitive processes of plant metabolism. In consequence, this aspect will be treated extensively. 

Castano, A., G. Carbonell, M. Carballo, C. Fernandez, S. Boleas and J.V. Tarazona. Sublethal effects of repeated intraperitoneal cadmium injections on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 41 29-35, 1998. 

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