Cadmium, copper and zinc

The distribution of metals in organisms has been studied by a number of workers. Because of the complex compositions of biological and clinical materials, 

Copper speciation in water was investigated by means of spectrophotometry of Cu+-bathocuprine complex formation (Bjoerklund and Morrison, 1997). The complex was separated by means of solid-phase extraction on PTFE-supported octadecyl (Qg) bonded silica discs. The discs provided rapid filtration and contributed low blanks. After filtration, the copper complex was eluted, and the copper concentration was measured by spectrophotometry. Total copper concentrations in the samples were measured after UV irradiation. The bathocuprine-available copper detection limits (for 500 ml samples) were 0.4 and 3.8 mg dm-3 copper for pure and polluted water, respectively. 

Cadmium, copper and zinc associated with various proteins have been studied by means of an ion chromatograph coupled to a flame AAS (Ebdon et al., 1987). The design of the interface meant that the nebuliser of the AAS could be eliminated, thus avoiding the low efficiency of the nebulisation. Effluent from the HPLC was collected as discrete aliquots on a series of rotating platinum spirals that entered the flame atomiser. An atom trap (tube in flame) was included to increase the sensitivity of the detector by allowing the analyte to remain for a longer period in the optical path. 

Metallothionein-bound cadmium and ionic cadmium were separated by ion exclusion on a short chromatographic column. Cadmium in the effluent was detected by coupled ICP-MS (Szpunar et al., 1997). The authors constructed an interface between the column and detector that allowed gradients up to 30% methanol to be used in the eluents. The rapid method of analysis was applied to studies on distributions of cadmium species in mussels. 

In the previous research reports, the sensitivity of an ICP-MS detector for on-line monitoring of column effluents was of primary consideration. The 

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Martinez Garcia M.J., Moreno-Grau S., Martinez Garcia J.J., Moreno J., Bayo J., Guillen Perez J.J., Moreno-Clavel J. Distribution of the metals lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the top soil of Cartagena, Spain. Water Soil Soil Pollut 2001 131 329-347. 

Brown, D.A., S.M. Bay, and G.P. Hershelman. 1990. Exposure of scorpionfish Scorpaena guttata) to cadmium effects of acute and chronic exposures on the cytosolic distribution of cadmium, copper and zinc. Aquat. Toxicol. 16 295-310. 

Canli, M. and R.M. Stagg. 1996. The effects of in vivo exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc on the activities of gill ATPases in the Norway lobster, Nephmps norvegicus.Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 494-501. 

Chapman, G.A. 1978. Toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to four juvenile stages of chinook salmon and steelhead. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 107 841-847. 

Hogstad, O. 1996. Accumulation of cadmium, copper and zinc in the fiver of some passerine species wintering in central Norway. Sci. Total Environ. 183 187-194. 

Eisler, R. and G.R. Gardner. 1973. Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper and zinc salts. Jour. Fish Biol. 5 131-142. 

Amiard-Triquet, C., B. Berthet, C. Metayer, and J.C. Amiard. 1986. Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, copper and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis. II. Experimental study. Mar. Biol. 92 7-13. 

Baranski, B. (1986). Effect of maternal cadmium exposure on postnatal development and tissue cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in rats. Arch. Toxicol., 58, 255-60. 

Chlorpromazine formed an insoluble 1 1 complex with lead picrate, and 5 3 complexes with the picrates of cadmium, copper, and zinc [70]. The sample (0.1 g) was dissolved in 15 mL of 95% ethanol, and the solution adjusted to pH 9 with 0.1 N NaOH. After adding 25 mL of a 0.02 M picrate reagent (30 mL of Pb), the solution was set aside for 2 hours. The precipitate was collected on a sintered glass fuimel, and the unconsumed metal in the filtrate was titrated directly with 0.02M EDTA at pH 10.4 (after adding 0.5 g of potassium sodium tartrate for Pb). Eriochrome black T was used as the indicator. 

MAFF UK Food Surveillance Information Sheets. Number 160, September 1998. Lead, cadmium copper and zinc in offals. 

In-vivo metal application Reports of metal effects on electron transport and photophosphorylation after application of toxic amounts of metals to intact plants are less frequent. Cadmium and zinc inhibited PS 2 activity in Lycopersicon esculen-tum (Bazinsky et al, 1980) and Phaseolus vulgaris, respectively (Van Assche and Clijsters, 1983). In the green alga Euglena gracilis (De Filippis et al, 1981 b), PS 2 was sensitive to cadmium, copper and zinc. In the three species mentioned above, the water-splitting enzyme was the site of action. 

J. Kirby, W. A. Maher, F. Krikowa, Selenium, cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations in sediment and mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40 (2001), 246-256. 

Szefer, P., Domagala-Wieloszewska, M., Warzocha, J., Garbacik-Wesolowska, A., Ciesielski, T. Distribution and relationships of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in perch Perea fluviatilis) from the Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon, southern Baltic. Food Chem. 81, 73-83 (2003)... 

Chemical oxidation is very effective in destroying free cyanide as well as cadmium, copper, and zinc cyanide complexes. However, nickel cyanide is incompletely destroyed, and iron cyanide complexes are apparently unaffected by chlorine or ozone. The ozone-UV radiation process (i.e., advanced oxidation process) is effective for treatment of complexed cyanide, such an ferric cyanide, copper cyanide, and nickel cyanide. Performance data of oxidation processes from the following industries are presented in the appendixes ... 

U. Gorlach, C. F. Boutron, Preconcentration of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in water at the pg g" level by non-boiling evaporation. Anal. Chim. Acta, 236 (1990), 391-398. 

E. W. Wolff, E. D. Suttie, D. A. Peel, Antarctic snow record of cadmium, copper and zinc content during the twentieth century., Atmos. Environ., 33 (1999), 1535-1541. 

Piotrowicz, S. R., Harvey, G. R., Boran, D. A., Weisel, C. P., and Springer-Young, M. (1984). Cadmium, copper, and zinc interactions with marine humus as a function of ligand structure. Mar. Chem., 14, 333-346. 

Hart. B. T.. Davies. S.H.R. and Thomas. P.A.. Transport of iron, manganese, cadmium, copper and zinc by Magela Creek. 

Overall mass-transfer coefficients Kp/p on the feed side and Kp/R on the strip side were calculated by Eqs (8) and (9). Dependence of cadmium, copper, and zinc overall mass-transfer coefficients on the feed, carrier, and strip solutions flow rates is shown in Table 6.3. Flow rates varied in the range 0.5—1.5 crn /s. As an example, this dependence on the feed flow rate variations is shown in Fig. 6.3. 

Table 6.3 Overall mass-transfer coefficients of cadmium, copper, and zinc, transported through the AHLM at various flow velocities... 

Cadmium, copper, and zinc separation from met-process phosphoric acid [3, 7, 15, 17], Selective separation of copper and cadmium from the WPA containing 55.6 ppm Cd and 50.6 ppm Cu was tested in the AHLM module with 0.5 mol/kg PVSH aqueous solution as carrier, 2 mol/kg HCl as stripping solution, and Neosepta CM-2 membranes. Results are presented in Fig. 6.9. 

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