Absorption cadmium

Page A.L., Bingham, F.T., Nelson C. Cadmium absorption and growth of various plant species as influenced by solution cadmium concentration. J Environ Qual 1972 1 288-291. 

Diaz-Barriga F, Santos MA, Mejia J J, Batres L, Yanez L, Carrizales L, Vera E, Del Razo LM, Cebrian ME (1993) Arsenic and cadmium absorption in children living near a smelter complex in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Environ Res, 62 242-250. 

Increased cadmium absorption takes place when blood/body levels of zinc are low,... 

Absorption of cadmium in the gastrointestinal tract is 4-7% in adults absorption is probably higher in children. Diets low in calcium, iron, and protein enhance cadmium absorption. Zinc is an antagonist to cadmium (decreases cadmium absorption). Cadmium absorption by the lungs is dependent on particle size and the solubility of the cadmium compound, but is generally between 15% and 30%. Dermal absorption of cadmium is insignificant. 

He ZY, Li JC, Zhang HY, Ma M. Different effects of calcium and lanthanum on the expression of phytochelatin synthase gene and cadmium absorption in Lactuca sativa. Plant Sci 2005 168 309-18. 

SuGAWARA N and Sugawara C (1987) Effect of oral selenium on cadmium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Trace Subst Environ Health 21 440-449. 

Rods, H. A., Buchet, J. P., Lauwerys, R., Bruax, P., Claeys-Thorsau, F., Lafontaine, A., van Overschelde, J. and Verduyn, G. (1978). Lead and cadmium absorption among children near a nonferrous metal plant. Env, Res., 15, 290. Rosenblum, W. J. and Johnson, M. G. (1968). Neuropathologic changes produced in suckling mice by adding lead to the maternal diet. Arch. Pathol., 85, 640 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. (1983). Ninth Report. Lead in the Environment. (London HMSO)... 

Based on further statistical examination of these data, including the lifestyle characteristics of this group, Kowal (1988) suggested increased cadmium absorption (i.e., body burden) was correlated with low dietary intakes of calcium and iron, as well as cigarette smoking. 

Roels H, Buchet R, Lauwerys R, Bruaux P, Clays-Tho-reau F, Laafontaine A, Overschelde J, and Verduyn J. (1978). Lead and cadmium absorption among children near a nonferrous metal plant. Environmental Research, 15, 290-308. 

The severe bone demineralization observed in elderly women with low calcium intake and many years of exposure to cadmium suggests a calcium-cadmium interaction. In a variety of studies it has been shown that low calcium intake increases cadmium absorption. 

Flanagan PR, Hamilton DL, Haist J, Valberg LS (1979) Interrelationships between iron and lead absorption in iron-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 77 1074-1081 Flanagan PR, McLellan JS, Haist J, Cherian MG, Chamberlain JJ, Valberg LS (1978) Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 74 841-846... 

The difference in metal metabolism between sucklings and adults could also be attributed to differences in metal binding ligands. Me-tallothioneins were found to be higher in the newborn than in older rats (Bakka and Webb, 1981 Asokan and Tandon, 1981 Bell, 1980). However, it was also found that metallothioneins do not play a major role in tissue distribution and retention of cadmium (Wong and Klaassen, 1980 Johnson and Foulkes, 1980). Results obtained by Kello et al. (1979) with rats also suggest that metallothioneins in intestinal mucosa do not serve as determinants of cadmium absorption. 

Kello D, Kostial K (1977) Influence of age and milk diet on cadmium absorption from the gut. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 40 277-282 Kello D, Sugawara N, Voner C, Foulkes EC (1979) On the role of metallothionein in cadmium absorption by rat jejunum in situ. Toxicology 14 199-208... 

Similar mechanisms have been proposed for the regulation of copper (Evans, 1979) and cadmium absorption (Kotsonis and Klaassen, 1979 McGivern and Mason, 1979). As mucosal cells turnover rapidly, metals retained in the dose-dependent metallothionein pool are considered to be eliminated by desquamation. Whilst there is no doubt that the metals do induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine, some doubt now exists about the precise function of these metalloproteins (Webb and Cain, 1981). In this connection it may be emphasized that... 

Doyle JJ, Pfander WH, Grebing SE, Pierce JO (1974) Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, cadmium absorption and cadmium tissue levels in growing lambs. J. Nutr. 104 160-166... 

In humans, intestinal absorption of cadmium is estimated at 5% (McLellan et al. 1978 Friberg et al. 1986). Both human and animal data demonstrate that cadmium absorption from the lungs is 25%-50% (Friberg et al. 1986). Others report that up to 90% of cadmium deposited deep in the lung can be absorbed and distributed to other critical organs such as liver, kidney, and testis (Oberdorster 1986 Waalkes and Oberdorster 1990). 

McLellan JA, Flanagan PR, Chamberlain MJ, Valberg LS (1978) Measurement of dietary cadmium absorption in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health 4 131-138... 

Lead and cadmium were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a Jarrell-Ash Model. Lead and cadmium absorption was measured at 283.3 nm and 228.8 nm, respectively. The background correction was measured at 281.2 nm for lead and at 226.5 nm for cadmium. The detection limits are 0.02 ppm lead and 0.005 ppm cadmium in the analytical solution. For a 1-gram sample, the detection limits are 0.2 ppm Pb and 0.05 ppm Cd. 

Buhler, D.R., Wright, D.C., Smith, K.L. and Tinsley, IJ. (1981) Cadmium absorption and tissue distribution in rats provided low concentrations of cadmium in food or drinking water. J. Toxicol Environm. Health 8 185-197. 

Figure 8 9 Time-integrated reference spectmm of PO (generated by the atomization of 20/rg NH4H2PO4) in the vicinity of the cadmium absorption line at 228.802nm (dashed line)...

This experiment is a measurement of thermal-neutron diffusion length in H2O. This measurement utilizes reactor leakage neutrons as a plane source, indium foils as thermal-neutron detectors, and cadmium absorption coupled with the indium resonance as an epithermal neutron detector. The thermal-neutron diffusion length is evaluated from the parameters of a cadmium-covered indium distribution. 

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