Butyl propionate, oxidation

Butyl lactate Butyl laurate Butyl levulinate N-Butyl-2-methylbutyrate Butylparaben Butyl phenylacetate n-Butyl propionate Butyl salicylate Butyl stearate Butyl sulfide Butyl 10-undecenoate Butyl valerate n-Butyraldehyde n-Butyric acid Cadinene Camphene Caproic acid Caprylic alcohol Carvacrol Carvacryl ethyl ether Carveol 4-Carvomenthenol Carvone d-Carvone cis-Carvone oxide... 

Various 4-, 5-, or 4,5-disubstituted 2-aryIamino thiazoles (124), R, = QH4R with R = 0-, m-, or p-Me, HO C, Cl, Br, H N, NHAc, NR2, OH, OR, or OjN, were obtained by condensing the corresponding N-arylthiourea with chloroacetone (81, 86, 423), dichloroacetone (510, 618), phenacyichloride or its p-substituted methyl, f-butyl, n-dodecyl or undecyl (653), or 2-chlorocyclohexanone (653) (Method A) or with 2-butanone (423), acetophenone or its p-substituted derivatives (399, 439), ethyl acetate (400), ethyl acetyl propionate (621), a- or 3-unsaturated ketones (691), benzylidene acetone, furfurylidene acetone, and mesityl oxide in the presence of Btj or Ij as condensing agent (Method B) (Table 11-17). 

Methylphenol is converted to 6-/ f2 -butyl-2-methylphenol [2219-82-1] by alkylation with isobutylene under aluminum catalysis. A number of phenoHc anti-oxidants used to stabilize mbber and plastics against thermal oxidative degradation are based on this compound. The condensation of 6-/ f2 -butyl-2-methylphenol with formaldehyde yields 4,4 -methylenebis(2-methyl-6-/ f2 butylphenol) [96-65-17, reaction with sulfur dichloride yields 4,4 -thiobis(2-methyl-6-/ f2 butylphenol) [96-66-2] and reaction with methyl acrylate under base catalysis yields the corresponding hydrocinnamate. Transesterification of the hydrocinnamate with triethylene glycol yields triethylene glycol-bis[3-(3-/ f2 -butyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [36443-68-2] (39). 2-Methylphenol is also a component of cresyHc acids, blends of phenol, cresols, and xylenols. CresyHc acids are used as solvents in a number of coating appHcations (see Table 3). 

In addition to stabilisers, antioxidants and ultra-violent absorbers may also be added to PVC compounds. Amongst antioxidants, trisnonyl phenyl phosphite, mentioned previously, is interesting in that it appears to have additional functions such as a solubiliser or chelator for PVC insoluble metal chlorides formed by reaction of PVC degradation products with metal stabilisers. Since oxidation is both a degradation reaction in its own right and may also accelerate the rate of dehydrochlorination, the use of antioxidants can be beneficial. In addition to the phenyl phosphites, hindered phenols such as octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tcrt-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyI)propionate and 2,4,6-tris (2,5-di-rcrt-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene may be used. 

Compound Name N-Propyl Mercaptan Isopropyl Mercaptan N-Propyl Mercaptan Isopropyl Mercaptan Glycerine Propionic Acic Propionic Anhydride N-Propyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol Beta-Propiolactone Acetone Acrolein Allyl Alcohol Acrylamide Propylene Propylene Oxide Polypropylene Acrylic Acid Beta-Propiolactone Propionaldehyde Propionic Acid Propionaldehyde Propionic Anhydride Beta-Propiolactone Propionic Anhydride N-Propyl Acetate Isopropyl Acetate N-Propyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol N-Propyl Alcohol Propionaldehyde N-Butyl Alcohol Propylene... 

Mixed ethers result when alcohols and phenols are used with thoria at 390°—420° and esterification takes place when alcohol and acid interact at 350°-400°. Esterification10 is more complete in the presence of titanic oxide at 280°—300°. One molecule of acid is used with twelve molecules of alcohol, and in this way methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and benzyl esters have been prepared from acetic, propionic and butyric acids. 

Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by ingestion. A skin irritant. Dangerously flammable when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. Incompatible with oxidizing materials. See also ESTERS, n-BUTYL ALCOHOL, and PROPIONIC ACID. 

AO containing various phenolic moieties were prepared by transesterification in the presence of tetraalkyl titanates. Randomly distributed -active moieties are characteristic of 140 (only the hard polyester segment is given) prepared from dimethyl terephthalate, 1,4-butanediol, poly(tetramethylene oxide)diol and dimethyl 5-(3,5-di-tm-butyl-4-hydroxybenzenepropaneamido)isophthalate [181]. The mentioned polymeric AO was used for stabilization of polyether-polyester elastomers. A partial attachement of tetrakis[methylene 3(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propionate]methane (3) via transesterification reaction was expected in the synthesis of another polyether-polyester elastomer by [182]. A reversible redox polyester was formed from 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)hydroquinone and dichlorides of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids [137],... 

CYCLOPROPANES Methyl diazo propionate. Copper(l)oxide-(-Butyl isonitrile. CYCLOPROPENONE Tri-fi-butyltin hydride. 

Formaldehyde. Oxidation with air or oxygen of natural gas or propane and butane yields not only formaldehyde but also acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, propanol, butyl alcohols, and formic, acetic, and propionic acids. Such literature is covered by Walker (120, 121). Two reports on German processes for oxidation of methane to formaldehyde are given by Sherwood (254), and by Holm and Reichl (47). One of these processes indicates the almost exclusive formation of formaldehyde it is also indicated that the process was applied to ethane and propane with similar results. 

Although the present major use of these hydrocarbons is as fuel, the tremendous possibilities offered for conversion to valuable chemicals makes it interesting to consider the research work which has been done and some of the results that have been attained. By oxidation these gases may be converted to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl alcohols formaldehyde. acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butryaldehyde formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids resins etc. An idea of the potentialities of hydrocarbon oxidation may be obtained by considering the theoretical yields of alcohols... 

PROPIONIC ACID BUTYL ESTER (590-01-2) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 90°F/32°C). Incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids. 

Effect of Anions in Copper Compounds. Since the copper stearate was the most effective catalyst among the transition metal stearates for the early stage of the thermal oxidation of polypropylene, the effect of anions in copper compounds on the thermal oxidation of atactic polypropylene was examined. The oxygen uptake curves of the polymer in the presence of various copper compounds (acetate, propionate, butylate, stearate, laurate, polyacrylate, and cupric oxide) are shown in Figure 4. In the absence of the copper compounds, oxygen uptake of the polymer increases linearly with time. In the presence of copper compounds of fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, laurate, and stearate), the oxygen uptake of the polymer levels off at ca. 25-30 O2 mL/g polymer after... 

The tetra nuclear phenolic antioxidant tetrakis methylene [3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] methane (Irganox 1010), designed for the stabilization of polypropylene, is oxidized in the yield of about 75 % to tetrakis methylene [3-(l-tert-butylphenoxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-4-onyl) propionate] methane LXXXIX118. ... 

Also methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Metilox ) and the important non-volatile antioxidant octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propionate (Irganox 1076) are photooxidized74 in the process sensitized by Methylene Blue to hydroperoxides CXXIII (R = Me or Ci8H37) in the yield of 57 and 38%, respectively. Their oxidation is slower than that of XXIV. It is, however, also retarded after absorption of 1 mol 02 per mol of antioxidant. 

Unmodified crystal polystyrene is relatively stable under oxidative conditions, so that for many applications the addition of an antioxidant is not required. Nevertheless, repeated processing may lead to oxidative damage of the material, leading to an increase of melt flow index and to embrittlement of the material. Stabilization is effected by the addition of octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-rerr-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionate at concentrations of up to 0.15%, if necessary in combination with phosphates or phosphonites to improve color. 

Compared to unmodified crystal polystyrene, impact polystyrene consisting of copolymers of styrene and butadiene are more sensitive to oxidation. This sensitivity is a consequence of the double bonds in polybutadiene component and manifests itself in yellowing and the loss of mechanical properties of the polymer. In impact polystyrene, the following antioxidants or their mixture are used in total concentrations of 0.1%-0.25% BHT, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-fert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, l,l,3-tris-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butane, and dilauryl thiodipropionate. 

Like impact polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS) are sensitive to oxidation caused by the unsaturation of the elastomeric component. The processes for the manufacture of ABS require the drying (at 100°C-150°C) of powdery polymers that are extremely sensitive to oxidation. Thus, antioxidants have to be added before the coagulation step, normally in emulsified form, although sometimes in solution. The primary antioxidants are frequently sued together with a synergist. Primary anti-oxidants commonly used for ABS are BHT, 2,2 -methylenebis-(4-ethyl or methyl-6-tert-hutyl-phenol), 2,2 -methylenebis-(4-methyl-6-cyclohexyl-phenol), 2,2 -methylenehis-(4-methyl-6-nonyl-phenol), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, and l,l,3-tris-(5-tert-hutyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butane. Important synergists are tris-(nonyl-phenyl)-phosphite and dilauryl thiodipropionate. These antioxidants are either liquids or show comparatively low melting points, which is an important prerequisite for the formation of stable emulsions. 

The stabilizer systems for polyacetals are invariably composed of a hindered phenol with a costabilizer. The hindered phenols in use are 2,2 -methylenebis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol), 1,6-hexamethyle-nebis-3-(3,5-di-rert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, and pentaerythrityl-tetrakis-3-(3,5-di-fert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate. A large number of nitrogen-containing organic compounds have been described as costabiKzers for polyacetals, e.g., dicyandiamide, melamine, terpolyamides, urea, and hydrazine derivatives. The effectiveness of these compounds is based on their ability to react with formaldehyde and to neutralize acids, especially formic acid, formed by oxidation. In addition to nitrogen compounds, salts of long-chain fatty acids (e.g., calcium stearate, calcium ricinoleate, or calcium citrate) are also used as acid acceptors. The practical concentrations are 0.1-0.5% for the phenolic antioxidant and 0.1-1.0% for the costabilizer. 

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